Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/596

 578 CAYSTBI CAMPUS. Cerunon Agoiia, 12 parasangs; and from Ceramon Agora to the plain of Cajster, which Xenophon calls an inhabited dty, was 30 parasangs. From the plain of Cayster, Cyrus marched 10 parasangs to Thymbriam, then 10 to Tyraeum, and then 20 to Iconiam, the last city of Phrygia in the direction of his march; for after leaving Iconinm, he entered Cap;adocia. Iconiam is Koniyeh, a position well known. Celaenae is also well known, being at Dee- naiTj on the Maeander. Now the march of Cyrus from Celaenae to Iconium was 92 paxasangSf or 2760 stadia, according to Greek computation, if the num- bers are right in the Greek text. Cyrus, therefore, did not march direct from Celaenae to Iconium. He made a great bend to the north, for the Ceramon Agora was the nearest town in Phrygia to Mysia. The direct distance from Celaenae to Iconium is about 125 English miles. The distance by the route of Cyrus was 276 geog. miles, if the Greek value of the parasang is true, as given by Xenophon and Hero- dotus; but it may be less. The supposition that the plain of Cayster is the plain through which the Cayster flows cannot be admitted; and as Cyrus seems for some reason to have directed his march northwards from Celaenae till he came near the borders of Mysia, his route to Iconium would be greatly lengthened. Two recent attempts have been made to fix the places between Celaenae and Iconium, one by Mr. Hamilton (^Be- searchea, &c, vol. ii. p. 198, &c.), and another by Mr. Ainsworth (Travels in the Track of the Ten Thou- sandf ifCj p. 24, &c.). The examination of these two explanations cannot be made here for want of space. But it is impossible to identify with certunty positions on a line cf road where distances only are given, and we find no corresponding names to guide us. Mr. Hamilton supposes that the Caystri Cam- pus may be near the village of Chat Kieuif " and near the banks of the Ebtr Ghieul in the extensive plain between that village and Polybotum." Choi Kieui is in about 38^ 40' K. lat. Mr. Ainsworth places the Caystri Campus further west at a place called Swmeneh^ " a high and arid upland, as its an- cient name designates," which is traversed by an in- Bignificiint tributary to the " Eber Goi;* Mr. Hamil- ton's Eher GhieuL The neighbourhood of Surmeneh abounds in ancient remains ; but Choi Kieui is an insignificant place, without mins. Both Mr. Hamil- ton and Mr. Ainsworth, however, agree in fixing the Caystri Campus in the basin of this river, the Eber Ghieulj and so far the conclusion may be aoceptod as probable. But the exact site of the place cannot be determined without further evidence. Cyrus stayed At Caystri Campus five days, and he certainly would not stay with his troops five days in a high and arid upland. As the plain was called the Plain of Cayster, we may assume that t^ere was a river Cayster where Cyrus halted. One of Mr. Ainswortli's objections to Mr. Hamilton's conclusion is altogether unfounded. He says that the plain which Mr. Hamilton chooses as the site of the Caystri Campus is "an extensive plain, but very marshy, being in one pvt occupied by a perpetual and laige lake, called EberGol, and mobt unlikely at any season of the year to pre- sent the arid and burnt appearance which could have led the Greeks to call it Caustron or Caystrus, the burnt or barren plain." But the word Caystrus could not mean burnt, and St«phanus is guilty of origin- ating this mistake. It means no more a burnt plain here than it does when applied to the plain abgve Ephesus, Both were watery places ; one we know CEBENNA MON& to be so; and the other we may with great proba- bility conclude to be. The medals with the epi> graph Kavarpiayw may belong to tJiis place, and not to a city in the valley of the Lydian Cayster. [Caystkr,] [G. L.] CA'ZECA (KtxCUa, Arrian. Peripl p. 20; Anon. PeripL p. 5), a town of the Cimmerian Bosporus, 280 stadia firom Theodosia, which has been identified with Tasch^KatschiL (Koler, Mem. de VA cad. de SL Petertb. vol.ix. p. 670; Marigny, Tailbont Portulan, de la Mer Noire^ p> 71 ; Pallas, BeUe in d. SidL Statthalt RuteUmds, vol. ii. p. 341.) [E. B. J.] CEBA, a town of Liguria, mentioned by PLny (xi. 42. s. 97) as celebrated for its cheeses, is evi- dently the modem Ceoa^ m the upper valley of the TVmaro, on the N. slope of the Apennines, near their junction with the Maritime Alps. [E. H. B.] CEBENNA MONS, or CEVENNA, as it is ge- nerally written in the editions of Caesar (B. G. vii. 8 : also called Gehenna, Plin. iii. 4 ; Cebennici Montes, Mela, ii. 5 ; t^ Kc/<fierof hpos, Strab. p. 177; t& Ktfifjuya 0pi7, Ptol. ii. 8 ; and ^ Ke/i/xm}, Strab. p. 177 : CevenneB)y a range of mountains in SoaUiem Gallia which bounds-the lower valley of the Rhone on the west, and separated Gallia NarbonensiB from the part of Gallia, which is to the west and nortii-west. Strabo describes theCebenna as running in a direction at right angles to the Pyrenees, through the plain country of Gallia, and terminating about the middle of the plain country near Lugdunum (Lyon). He makes the length 2000 stadia, or 250 Soman miles. He does not say that it is connected with the Py- renees, as some modem writers misunderstand him ; for he knew that there was an easy road from Nor- bonne by the valley of the A tax (Aude) to Toulouse, in the valley of the Garonne^ and to the western ocean. This road is in the depression in which the canal of Languedoc is made. He says that the Ge- henna approaches nearest to the Rhone at the part which is opposite to the junction of the Rhone and the Isara (^Iskre). Perhaps, however, he included the high lands south of the valley of the Audey which bel<mg to the Pyrenees, in the name Cebenna, for he mentions in order from S. to N. the rivers Ataz, Chris or Orbis (Or6), and Araura, the Aranris or Araris (H^rauU), as flowing from the Cebenna into Gallia Narbonensis. He correctly describes the lUi- berris (Tech") and Ruscino(re/), which are sooth of the valley of the Aude as flowing from the Pyrenees; but the Aude also has its sources in the Pyrenees. He had not, however, a very exact notion of the relative position of the Pyrenees and the Cebenna. He correctly describes the offsets or lower parts (Awtipeiat) of the Cebenna as extending eastward towards the Rhone. The high mountain Lesura (La Lozere^ in the department of LoMre) is men- tioned by Pliny, as a district famed for its cheese (xi. 42). When Caesar commenced his winter campaign of B.C. 52, he crossed the Cebenna from Gallia Nar> bonensis, then called the Provincia. He describes the Cebenna as separating the Helvii, who were in the Provincia, from the Arvemi, who were on the west side of the mountains. He ait his way through snow six feet deep and surprised the Arvemi, who thought that the Cebenna protected them like a wall. (B. G. vii. 8.) The steep side of this rugged range is turned towards the vulley of the Rlione. The Gallic tribes on the east side of the Cebenna in the Roman Provincia were the Helvii and the Volcae Tectosflges. On the west side were the Vellavi and