Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/592

 574 CAUDIO^I. stracted : hereupon they abandoned themselves to des- pair, and after encamping in the vallej between the two passes for some days, they were compelled by famine to surrender at discretion. (Liv. ix. 2 — 6.) The ex- aggeration of this accoont, so iur as it represents the Bomans as overcome by the difficulties of the ground alone, without even attempting to engage the enemy, is obvious ; and Nicbahr has justly inferred that they must have sustained a defeat before they were thus shut up between the two passes. Cicero also twice al- lades to the battle and defeat of the Romans at Cau- dium (Caudinum proelium,(2e5en. 13 ; cum malepug- natum ad Caudium esset, de Off, u. 30); but unless we are to reject Livy*s account as wholly fabulous, we must suppose the enemy to have derived great advantage from the peculiarities of the locality; and the same thing is stated by all the other writers who have related, though more briefly, the same event. (Appian, Samn. £xc. 4 ; Flor. i. 16 ; Eutrop. ii. 9 ; Oros. iii. 15.) An ancient tradition, which has been followed by almost all writers on this subject, represents the valley of Arpaja^ on the high road from Capua to Beneventum, as the scene of the action; and the name of Forchia^ a village about a mile from Arpajuy affords some confirmation to this view. But ahnost all travellers have remarked how little this valley accords with the description of Livy : it is, indeed, as Keppel Craven observes, " nothing more than an oblong plain, surrounded by heights which are scarcely sufiicient to give it the name of a valley, and broken in several parts so as to admit paUis and roads in various directions." There is a narrow de- file near ArtenzOf which might be supposed to be the one at the entrance of the valley, but there is no corresponding pass at the other extremity; nor is there any stream flowing through the valley. And 60 far firom presenting any extraordinary obstacles to troops accustomed to warfare in the Apennines, there are perhaps few valleys in Samiuum which would offer less. (Eustace, Class. Tour, vol. iii. p. 69 — 73, 8vo. edit.; Swinburne's Travels, vol. i. p. 421 ; K. Craven, Southern Tour, p. 11 — 12.) To this it may be added that it appears very im- probable that a pass described as so peculiar in its character should have lain on the Appian Way, and in the great high road from Capua to Beneventum, where it must have been traversed again and again, both by Itoman and Samnite armies, without any subsequent alhision being made to it During the Second Punic War, and again in the Social War, such a pass on the great highway must have been a mili- tary position of the highest importance; yet the name of the Furculae Caudinae is never mentioned in history, except on this single occasion. On the other hand, another pass in the same neigh- bourhood has been pointed out by an intelligent tra- veller, which appears to answer well to Livy's de- scrij)tion of the Caudine Forks. (See a dissertation fby Mr. Gandy, in Craven's Tour throuffh the Southf em Provinces of the K, of Naples, pp. 12 — ^20.) This is the narrow valley between SUi AgatoKaA Moirano, on the line of road from the former'place to Benevenio, and traversed by the little river Isdero. As this valley meets that of Arpaja just about the point where Caudium must have been situated, ac- cording to the Itineraries, it would have an equal right to derive its name from that town. And it is a strong argument in its favour that it lay on the direct route from the Samnite Calatia {Catazzo) to Caudium : for we have every reason to believe that CAULARES. the Calatia where the Roman amiy was eocamped at the commencement of the campaign (Ut. ix. 2) was the Samnite city of the name, which is menlkiiied on several other occasions during these wars, and oana- mands the valley of the Vultumns in a manner that must have given it importance in a militazy point of view. Those writers, however, who regaid the valley of Arpt^a as that of the Caudine Forks necessarily suppose the Romans to have been ad- vancing from the Campanian Calatia on the road to Capua. If the valley of the Isdero were really the scene of the disast^, it would account for our hearing no more of the Furculae Caudinae, as this difficult pass would for the future be carefhlly avoided, armies acquainted with the oonntry taking the oun- paratirely easy and open route from Capaa to Bene- ventum, along which the Via Appaa was afterwarda carried, or else that from the Via Latina, by AUi£tt and Telesia, to the same city. The only azgument of any force in &Tonr of the valley between Ariemo and Arpc^, is that derived from the tradition which gave to it the name of the Valle Caudina, as well as to an adjoining village that of Furcviae, now corrupted into Forchia. This tradi- tion is certainly veiy ancient, as the name of Forculae or Furclae is already found in documents'of Uie ninth and tonth centuries; and it is therefore undoa]>tedly entitled to much weight; but its credibility most in this case be balanced against that of the narrative <£ Livy, which is wholly inconsistent with tiie valley in question. It is singular that all those authors who ra- gard the valley of Arpaja as the scene of the events narrated by Livy, at the same time aggravate the in- consistency by admitting Arpaja itself to occupy the ate of Caudium, though it is quite clear from Livy that the town of Caudium was not tn the pass, whi<^ is represented as uninhabited and affording no pro- visions; and Caudium itself evidently continned in the hands of the Samnites both before and after the action. (Liv. ix. 2, 4 ; Appian. Samn. I. c) The arguments in favour of the received opinion are fully given by Daniele (Le Forche Caudine lUustraie^ foL Napoli, 1811), as well as by Pellegrini (^Diseorsi^ vol. i. pp. 393--398), Bomanelli (voL ii. pp. 399 — 407), and Cramer (vol. ii. pp. 238—245). The same view Is adopted by Niebuhr (voL iii. p. ^14), ^ ^ who was, however, apparently ignorant of the tSa- racter of the valley of the Isclero, which may be said to have been brought to light by Mr. Gandy; Cluverius, who first suggested it as the site ef the Furculae Caudinae, having misconceived the coarse of the Appian Way, and thus thrown the whole sub- ject into confusion. Holstenios, on the contrary, supposes the valley beyond Arpe^a on the road to Benevento, to be that dP the Caudine Forks, a view still more untenable than the popular tradition. (Cluver. Itai. p. 1 196 ; Holsten. Not in Chtv. p. 269.) r [E. H. B.] CAUE (Ka^), a village, aa Xenophon calls it (HeUen. iv. 1. § 20), in Asia Minor; but it is diffknilt to say even in what part it was, except that it was Avithin the satrapy of Phaniabaaus, and probably in Bithynia or Phrygia. [G. L.] CAULARES. Livy (xxxviu. 1 5), in his history of the campaigns of Cn. Manlins in Asia, says that af^er leaving Cibyra he marched through the terri- tory of the Sindenses, and having crossed the nver Cuulares, he encamped. On the next day be marched past the Lake Caralitis, and encamped at Mandro- polls. In Spratt's Lycia (vol. I p. 249) this lake or swamp (palus) is identified with *' a great expanse