Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/580

 562 CASTXIUH. CA'STKIUM (Ki^TfMrXa moanfadii at Aspoidiift ofPamphjiU. (Sieph. ju v.) [G. L.] CASTCrU GAlfPUS (K«rr«A«S vcStorX X&- nopbon (^Anab. L 1. § 2), sajs thai king Arta- xenes appointed his brotfaer Cjnis the jmtngeTy cooimaiider of all the farcm that mnster at the plain ofCaatolos. Stephanos («. v. KwrraiAov vcSior) aajs that Castolns was a dtj of Lydia, and that the Ethnic name is KaarA^uos. He quotes Xenophon, and adds after Karr«Nov vcUor the words Ampt4m' &t Ecvo^vr: and also, " it was so called becaose the Ljdians call the Dorians Castdi;" all which is unintelligible. It does not appear that Stephanos coold get his information, except from Xenophon, who simply says of the place what has been stated above. If there were any meaning in the remark of Stephanos, the place woold be the jAaia isi the Dorians. It has been {nroposed to chan^ KaarmKni into IlaicrwNoi/, the name of a bnmch cf the Hennas, but there is no aatbority for this alteration. The place is nnknown. [6. L.] CASTRA, a station on the Candavian or Egnatian way, — the great line of ooinmnnication by land be- tween Italy and the Esst. In the Antonine Itineraiy It is fixed at 12 M. P. from Heracleia. In the Je- rusalem Itinerary, a place caUed Paxembole, whidi Cramer {Anc, Greece, vol. L p. 83) identifies with the Castra of Antoninus, appears at a distance of 12 M. P. from Heracleia. In the first of the two routes which the Antonine Itinerary gives in this part, a place called Nicia is marked at 1 1 M. P from Heracleia. The Peutinger Tables mention a town of the same name, and assign to it the same distance. Leake {Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 313) considers that these names, Castra, Parembole, Nicia (Nicaea? comp. Steph. B. s. v. NUeua) have re- ference to the military transactions of the Romans in Lyncestis, who not many years after those events constructed a road which passed exactly over the scene of their former achievements. Castra or Pa- rembole, therefore, indicates the first encampment of Sulpicius on the Bevus (Liv. xxxi. 33), and Nicaea (Nicia) the place where he obtained the advantage over Philip's cavalry near Octoluphus, which was 8 M. P. distant from the first encampment (Liv. XXX. 36). It appears, therefore, that Nicaea (Nicia), Parembole or Castra, and Heracleia, formed a triangle of which the sides were 8, 1 1, and 12 M. P. in lengUi; that the N. route from Lychnidus descended upon Nicaea or Octoluphus, and the two S. routes upon Pa- rembole or Castra on the river Bevus. [E. B. J.] CASTRA ALA'TA, in Britain. This is the rendering of the lirtpttrhv <rrpar6wt9op of Ptolemy. It is twice mentioned by this author (ii. 3. § 13, viii. 3. § 9), and by him only; once as having " its longest day of 18 hours, and one-lialf,** and lieing " distant from Alexandria to the westward 2 hours and one-sixth;" and again, as being, along with Banatia, Tameia, and Tuaesis, one of the four towns of the Vacoinagi, — these lying north of the Cale- donians, and north-east of the Venicontes. It has been variously identified, viz. with Tayne in Ross, with Burgkead in Murray, and with Edinburg, None of these are certain. [R. G. L.1 CASTRA CAECI'LIA (Caceres), a town of Lu- sitania, in Spain, on the high rood from Emerita to Caesaraugusta, 46 M. P. from the former, and 20 M. P. from Turmuli (^Alconeta) on the Tagus. (/ri». Ant. p. 433.) It belonged to the conventas of Eme- rita, and fonned one community with Norba Cae- ^aarea (Plin. iv. 22. s. 35, cotUribuUi in Norbam), CASTRA HAXKIBALI& It is gcnenDy soppond lo be ideatieal with the CacGEia Gcoaellinom of PtoleDy (iL 5. § 8, KautiXim. rcpicXA0«r#McrcAA0«: Bm^r. mi IksUri Chnm. pu 179, ap. Wessdmg. ad Itm. Lc). [P. S ] CASTRA CORNEXIA (Mela. L 7. § 2; Plin. r. 4. § 3; C. Conc^iaBa, Caes. B.C. u. 24, 25; C. ScipitHiia, Oroa. iv. 22; Kdarpa KspniAitir, Ptripl^ ap. Iriait. p. 488; KopipXUo -np^iiMokii, Ptbl. ir. 3. § 6; A SichriMOf x^i Appian. B.C. n. 44: Ghellah), a phM» {locug, Plin. Lc) on the E. coast of the Cardiaginian territory in N. Afirica (Zeogitana), vrincfa derived its name from the camp established there by the eUer Sdpio Africanos immediatelj after his landing in Afnca, b. c. 204. It is fullj described by Caesar, in his narrative of Curious operataoDs against Utica {B. C. iL 24, 25> It laj on the N. aide of the Bagradas (if e^enioA), between the river and Utica, b^ig distant from the latter phuse a little mace than a mile by the dhect road, which was, however, subject to inondatkm from the sea, and then the roole made a circuit of six mika. The site of the camp was a straight ridge, jotting out into the sea, broken and roared oo both its slopes, hot the less steep on the side towards Utica. (Comp. Locan. iv. 589, 590, where, speaking of Curio, he says: — '* Inde petit tnmnlos, exesasqne nndiqne ropes, Antaei quae rc^na vocat non vana vetostas: " the last line appears to relier to some legend which made these hills the tomb of Antaeos.) In this description we have no di£Bcnlty in recognizing, in spite of great physical changes, the summit of a diain of liills whidi rise op to the height of from 50 to 80 feet above the alluvial plain formed by the Mejerdah between Utica and Carthage. The alter- ations made by the deposits of the M^erdah have left this ancient promontory some distance inknd, and have so changed the course of the river, that it now flows between Utica (^Bou-^iater) and the Castra {GhdLuk), instead of to the & of the latter. (See Bagradas and the map under Cakthaoo.) The unaooountable neglect of the Carthaginians, in leaving so important a point undefended, seems, however, to be clearly established. Not the least mention is made of any town (ht fort there; and Scipio establishes his camp witbuift opposition. So in the Roman period : Curio finds the place mmocu- pied; and Lucan tells us that the traces of Scipio*s camp were just discernible in his time (iv. 659 : en veteria cemu vestigia vaUi). An obsoire passage in Tertullian (cfe PaUio, 3) is supposed to give a doubtful indication of a town or village having grown up and been already destroyed before his time. No traces of ruins is now found. (Shaw, Travels, ^. p. 1 50; Barth, Wanderungen, ^., p. 1 99.) IP-S."] CASTRA EXPLORATO'RUM, in Britain, men- tioned in the second Itinerary as being the first station between the Vallum and Rutupium, distant 12 miles from Blatum Bulgium, and 12 from Lugu- vallum (^Carlisle). Netherl^heai meets these con- ditions. [R. G. L.] CASTRA HANNI'BALIS, a town or port of Bruttium, mentioned by Pliny as situated on Uie Gulf of Scyllacium, at the point where the two bays, tiie Sinus Tcrinaeus and Scyllacinus, approach near- est to one another, so that the isthmus between them is the narrowest part of Italy. (Plin. iii. 10. s. 15; Solin. ii. § 23.) It is evident from the name tJiat the place derived its origin from liaving been a per- manent station of Hanuibal daring the latter years