Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/576

 558 GASnTS MONS. Mons Cftsins iB entirely a naked rock, answering to its expressive name J^l-el-Ahrdj cr the bald moontain. (Gheeney, Eaeped, Euphrat, vol. i. p. 386.) [E. B. J.] GA'SIUS MONS (Kiffios 6pos, Strab. i. p. 38, eeq. xvii. pp. 758 — 796 ; MeL i. 10, iiL 8 ; Plin. ▼. 11. s. 12, xil. 13; Lucan. Phart. viiL 539, z. 433), the modem El Katiehf or EL Kat, was the smnmit of a loftj range of sandstone hills, on the borders of Egjpt and Arabia Petraea, immediately south of the Lake Sirbonis and the Mediterranean Sea. Near its snmmit stood a temple of Zens-Amm<xi, and on its western flank was the tomb of Gn. Pompdns Kagnns. The name of Mons Gasius is fiuniliar to English ears through Milton's verse. ^ A gulf profound as that Serbonian bog, Twixt Damiata and mount Gasius old." [W. B, D.] CA'SroS FL. [Albaioa.] GA'SMENAE (Kcur/i^, Herod. Steph. B.,Kaa'- fitvcu^Thnc : Eth. KafffiewubSf Steph.),a city of Sicily founded by a colony from Syracuse, 90 years after the establishment of the parent city, or b. c. 643. (Thuc vi. 5.) It is afterwards mentioned by Herodotus as affording shelter to the oligarchical party called th« Gamori, when they were expelled from Syracuse ; and it was from thence that Uiey applied for assistanoe to Gelon, then ruler of Gela. (Her. vii. 155.) But from this period Gasmenae disappears firom history. Thucydides appears to allude to it as a place still exbting in his time, but we find no subsequent trace of its name. It was probably destroyed by some of the tyrants of Syra- cuse, according to their favourite policy of removing the inhabitants from the smaller towns to the larger ones. Its site is wholly uncertain : Gluverius was disposed to fix it at Sddij but Sir R. Hoare mentions the ruins of an andent city as existing about 2 miles E. of Sta Croce (a sniall town 9 miles W. of SdcU), which may very possibly be those of Gas- menae. They are described by him as indicating a place of considerable magnitude and importance; but do not appear to have ever been carefully examined. (Gluver. SiciL p. 358 ; Hoare's Clasa, Tovir, vol. iL p. 266.) [E. H. B.] GASPATYRUS (Ko<nr(CTiipoy, Herod, iii. 102, iv. 44) or GASPAPYRUSCKoMTiniwpoj, Hecat. an. Steph. B. «.»., Fr. 179, ed. Didot: itoXis Tcoflofnidiy "XkvBw ducr^), a dty on the N. confines of India, in the district of Pactyice, whence Scylax of Gaiyanda commenced his voyage down the Indus, at the com- mand of Dareius, the son of Hystaspes; in which voyage he sailed to the £. down the river into the sea, crossing which to the W. he arrived at the head of the Bed Sea in the thirtieth month. (Herod, iv. 44.) In the other passage, Herodotus tcQls us that those Indians, who are adjacent to the city of Gas- patyrus and t^e district of PactyToe, dwell to the N. of Uie other Indians (who are described just before), have customs similar to the Bactrians, and are the most warlike of the Indians. These also are tiie Indians who obtain gold from the ant-hills of the adjoining desert, in the marvellous manner which he proceeds to relate (iii. 102, foil.). On these simple data great discusadons have been conducted, which our space prevents our following. The two chief opinions are, that Gaspatyrus is Cabulj and again, that it is Kashmir. On the whole, the latter seems most probable, but certainty seems almost unattainable. The Sanscrit name cf Kcuh- mtr is Katyapa pur^ which, condensed to KaspapUTf CASPIAE PTLAE. gives us the fiorm found in Hecataens; and further, the very similar nameGASPBiBiA certainly designates the country of Kashmit. As to the expedition of Scylax, remembering that the tme source of the Indus in Tibet was unknown to tiie andents, and therefore that the voyage must have coBunenoed near the source of one of the chief tributaries, aasuredly no better starting pomt could be found than the JeluMj at the h^ formed by it below Kashmir. The eastward course of the voyage is the great diffi- culty. (Heeren, /deei», vol i pt i. p. 371 ; Bitter, Erdhmde, voLiii. pp. 1087, folL; Bohlen, AUe /»■ dimy vol. i. p. 64 } Schlegel, Berlin TaschetUmck, 1829, p. 17; Von Hammer, Xtma/. Ften. vol. U. p. 36 ; BShr, Excwrs, ad Herod, iii. 102 ; Mannert, Geogr. d. Griech. u. Rom. voL v. pt i. pp. 7, Ml ; Forbiger, Alte Geogr. vol. ii. p. 51 1.) [P. S.] CASPErHIA (Koinrci^), a district of India intra Gangem, about the sources of the riven Hr- DASPE8 (Jebm Sandabal (which b no doubt the Acesines, Chenab; see Gaktabbas), and Adrin or Rhoadis. (Ptol. vii. 1. § 42.) The people called Gaspeirad (Kounrttptuoi) are presently afterwaida mentioned as K of those on the Hydaspes, and W. of the Gymnosophistae, who are near the Upper Ganges. They have numerous dties (Ptolemy names 18), one of which is Gaspeira (fUowcipa), evidently the capital (§§ 47 — 50). The name, the poiritioo, and the number of dties, all concur to identify Gaspeiria with the rich valley of Kashmir^ which is watered by the upper courses of the Jelum and Chenab, be- ddes smaller rivers; and Gaspdra is probably, there* fore, the city of Kashmir or Srvnagar, Mannert would read Kao>(C(^ (ji and ic bdng letters easily confused); but the alteration is unnecessaiy, for a reason stated under Gaspatyrus. Gaspeira is one of Ptolemy's points d recorded astronomical observations, having 14 hrs. 5 min. in its longest day, and bdng distant about 4| hrs. E. of Alexandria. The latter number, compared with those assigned to Bnoephala and ndghbonnng places, 0(mfirm6 the podtion given to Gaspeira, viz., Kaah- mir. (PtoL viii. 26. 1 7.) [P. &] GASPEI'RU INS. [FORTUNATAB.] GASPE'RIA, a town of the Sabines, known only from the mention of its name by Viigil (^Aen. vii. 714), and by his imitator Silius Italicus (viii. 416). The latter tdls us it derived its name from the Bac- trians, probably connecting it absurdly vrith the Gaspian Sea. BoUi authors associate it with Fo- ruli, and it seems probable that its nte is correctly - fixed at Aspra, a village about 15 miles SW. oE RieHf and 13 N. of Correse (Gures). (Gluver. Ital p. 676; Westphal, Rom. Kampagne^ p. 133.) Vibius Sequester (p. 11) tells us that the river Hi- mdla, mentioned by Virgil in the same line, flowed near Gasperia ; it is supposed to be the small stream now called the ^io. [Himella.] [E.H.B.] GA'SPIAE PORTAE. [Gaspd Montes.] GA'SPIAE PYLAE {ai Kdmrtoi tiJAoi, Pol. v. 44 ; Strnb. xL pp. 522, 526 ; al Kdmrtat wu Am, Hecat. Fr. 171 ; Ptd. vi. 2. § 7; Arrian, Anab. iii. 19; Ka<nr^«i in^Aoi, Dionys. P. 1064), a narrow pass leading from North-Westem Ada into the NE. provinces of Persia: hence, as the course which an army could take, called by Dionydus (1036) KXYfZSer yaifis *A<rvfiTilios. Thdr exact podtion was at tlie dividon of Parthia from Media, about a day's journey from the Median town Rhagae. (Arrian, iii. 19.) According to Isidoms Gharax, they were immediately below M. Gaspius. As ui tiie case of the people J*.^^^