Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/543

 CABPESII. CarpeniraSf there are some remains of a Boman temple. This place also is probably vritliin the limits of the Memini. There is also cited on inscription, Col. Jol. Meminonim, which may belong to Car- pentras, or to some other place of the Memini. Strabo (p. 185) speaks of two streams which flow ronnd ir6Ktv Kaovdpw kclL Ovdfwy^ a passage which has caused the critics great difficulty. Groskord (TroiM. Strab, vol. i. pu 319) changes icat OvdfMtr into KafnriPTttpop or KapT^mdpweL. It is obnons that Kal Ovdpw is only KaoudfKtv written over again, and divided into two words. It is not likely that Strabo would thus speak of a city without naming it, and we may therefore conclude tiiat in place ^ JccU Ovdfwy there should be the name of the dty; but the emendation of Groekurd is not accepted by the writer of this article. [G. L.] CARPE'SII. [Cakpbtaxi.] CARPESSUS. [Carteia.] CARPETA'NI, CARPE'SII (Ka^«oi, Polyb. lii. 14; Liv. xxiii. 26 : Steph. B.; Kaprrrirayoly Polyb. X. 7; Strab. iii. pp. 139, 141, 152, 162; Ftol. ii. 6. § 57 ; Liv. xxi. 5 ; Plin. iii. 3. s. 4), a people of His- pania Tarraconensis, one of the most numerous and most powerful in the whole peninsula, inthe very centre of which they hihabited the great valley of the Upper Tagus, and the mountains on its S. margin, to the Anas, from the borders of Lusitania on the W. to the Oretani and Celtiberi on the S. and E., having on the N. the Vaccaei and Arevacae and some smaller tribes. Their country, called Carpetanla (^Kapmrrayitt), extended over great part of Old and New CastUej and a portion of Estremadura, (Appian. Uisp. 64; Polyb., Liv., Strab., &c. U. cc.) Their chief city was Toletum {Toledo)^ and Ptolemy mentions 17 others, most of them upon the great road from Emerita to Caesaraugusta, along the Tagus, which was crossed at Titulcium, above Toletum, by another nuining from Asturica Augusta to Laminium near the source (^ the Anas. There was also a road from Toletum to Laminium. On the first of these roads no town is named below Toletum: above it were Titulcia, 24 M. P., the Tituacia {TtrovoKia) of Ptokany (6i«ta/e fx Baiyona); Complutuh (K^/u- vAovtok), 30 M. P.; Akriaca, 22 M. P., the Caracca (Kapoucira) of Ptolemy, between which and Caesada, 24 M P. the road passed into Celtiberitu (/tm. Ant. pp. 436, 438.) On the second road, 24 M.P. NW. A Titulcia, and the same distance horn. Segovia, and at the foot of the mountains, was Mia- cum, of which it is not clear whether it belonged to the Carpetani or the Arevacae (/<m. Ant. p. 435). Some identify this place with the modem capital Madrid, which others take for the Mantua (Mciy- Tova) of Ptolemy: but both opinions are pi)bably trrong: Mantua is perliaps MondeJar» Again, to the S£. of Titulcia, on the road to Laminium, was Vicns Cuminarius, 18 M. P., the name of which is illostnited by Pliny's statement, tiiat the cumin of Carpetania was the best in the world (xiz. 8. s. 47) : cumin is still grown at Santa Cruz de la ZarzOj which has thovfore been identified with Vicus Cu- minarius, but the numbers of the Itinerary better suit Oca%i, SE. of Aranjuez: Alee 24 M. P. (near Aleazar: compu liv. xi. 48, 49) ; 40 M. P. from Alee was Lahikiuu (/<tn. AnL p. 445). On the road from Toletum to Laminium, were Gonsabrum, 44 M.P. (^Cantuegra')^ a municipium, belonging to the con- ventos of Carthago Nova {Itin. Ant, p. 446 ; Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Geogr. Rav. iv. 44; Frontin. Stratag. iv. 5. § 22; Inacr. (ip.Grateri p. 402, mx 5, p. 909, uo. 14): CARPL 525 and Mums (prob. Moroialea) 28 M. P. from Lami- nium, and 28 from Consabmm {Ant. Itin. L c). Among the other cities of the Carpetani were Aebura (probably the Ai66pa of Ptolemy); Hippo; Alea ('AA«a, Steph. 6.; prob. Alia, E. of TruxtUo); and other places of loss importance. The name of Var- ' cilenses is mentioned in inscriptions at VarciUtf where Roman rains are found (Morales, Antig. pp. 1 7, 26, 28). Besides the dwellers in these cities, there was a people, called Oharacitani (XapeuciTavot), whose (mly abodes were the caverns in the hills on the banks of the Tagonius (TVi/tina), and whose conquest by Sertorius by the stratagem, not of tmokmgj but of dusting them out of their caves is related with admiration by Plutarch (Sertor. 17) and Mr. Landor {Faum of Sertorius). Their caves are seen in the neighbourhood oiAlcald and Citenca, and their name is preserved in that of the town of Caracenaj W. of the latter place. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt L p. 429 ; Laborde, Itin. vol. iii. p. 323.) At the time of Hannibal's campaigns in Spain, before the breaking out of the second Punic War, the Carpetani are mentioned as the most powerful people beyond the Iberus. United with the Olcades and Vaccaei, they brought 100,000 men into the field against Hannibal, who had some trouble in defeating them (Polyb. iii. 14; Liv. xxi. 5), and found them ready to seize the least opportunity for revolt (Liv. xxi 11), a dispoeiti(m which they again showed during the war between Hasdrabal and the Scipios (liv. xxiii. 26; Polyb. x. 7. § 5), and also towards the Romans in the Celtiberian War, of which their country was one of the chief seats (Liv. xxxix. 30, xL 30, 33). Their country, which is described as being very productive, suffered much in the war with Viriathus (Appian. Hisp. 64). The names of thb people suggest an interesting inquiry. Acooi-ding to general analogy, the Carpe- tani would be the people of Carpe, that is, they should have a chief city Carpe. Now we find a city of that name, in the celebrated place on the Straits, variously called Calpe, Carpeia, Carteia, &c. [Car- teia] ; and, moreover, in the other, and apparently more ancient form of the name, Carpesiij we may fairly trace a connection with CarpessuSf which is only another form of TartessuSy the still more ancient name of Calpe or Carteia. The obvious inference would be that the Carpetani had been displaced, in the course of time, probably by the growing power of the Phoenician settlers, from their original possessions in the S. of the peninsula, and driven back over the mountains into the great table-land of the centra. But, without doubting that such a process may have taken place, it deserves consideration whether the people may not have originally possessed the central districts in which history finds them, as well as the southern regions in which the names above referred to mark their former presence; whether, in short, the name which we find in the earliest records in the various forms of Tarshish, Tartessns, Carpessus, Carpe, Calpe, Carteia, &c, was not applied to the peninsula as far as those who have recorded the names possessed any knowledge of it Nay, we even find a people Calpiani beyond the boundary of the penin- sula, near the Hhone (Herodor. ap. Const Porph. de Adm, Imp. ii. 23; Ukert, vol. ii. pt 1. p. 252). At all events, there can be little doubt that the Carpetani were a part of the old Iberian population of Spain, notwithstanding the vague statement of Stephanus (s. V. 'AX^a) that they were a Celtic race. [P. S.] CARPI, CARPLA'NI (Kapirioi^e; Ptol. iii. 5.