Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/540

 522 CARMYLESSUS. Carmelis of Livy. (Freinsheim, EpitLib.xl7iii.24.) Several of its coins are extant; all, with one ex- ception, being of the type here represented, namely, on the obverse the heads of varioas deities; on the reverse, the name of the city between two ears of com placed horizontally. (Florez, Esp. Sagr, vol. ix. pp. 113 — 115: Med. de Esp. vol. i. p. 288. vol. iii. p. 31; Garo, Ant. HispaL iii. 41 ; Mionnet. vol. i. p. 9, Suppl. vol. i. p. 17; Sestini, p. 40; Eck- hel, vol. i. p. 17). [P. S.] CARMYLESSUS (yLaptivXtiirtrSs), a town of Lycia, placed by Strabo (p. 665) between Telmissus and the mouth of the Xanthus. After Telmissus he says, " then Anticragns, an abrupt mounbiin on which is the small place Carmylessos, lying in a ravine." The site is unknown. (Fellows, Lyduj p. 247 ; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 182.) [G. L.jl CARNA (Kapi'a), the capital of the Minaei, a tribe of Arabia Felix (Strab. xvi. p. 768), mentioned also by Ptolemy (vi. 16) as an inland town; pro- bably the same as Pliny's " Gamon " (vi. 28. s. 22). [G. W.] CARNASIUM. [Oechaua.] CARNE. [Antabadus]. GARNI (Kapvot), an Alpine tribe, who inhabited the ranges of those mountains which separated Ve- netia from Noricum, extending from Rbaetia on the W. to the confines of Istria on the E. Their limits, however, are not very clearly defined. Strabo ap- pears to confine them to the mountain country, and regards the plain about Aquileia as belonging to Ve- netia (iv. p. 206, v. p. 216). Ptolemy, on the con traiy, divides the province into two portions, distin- guishing the territory of the Garni from Venetia, and assigning to the former the two cities of Aqui- leia and Concordia near the coast, as well as Forum Julii in the interior. (Ptol. iii. 1. § 29.) Pliny also calls the district about Aquileia " Camorum regie," but no mention is found of the Cam! in the account given by Livy of the foundation of that dty, which he certainly appears to have regarded as situated in Venetia. (Liv. xxxix. 22, 45, 55.) The proper abode of the Garni would therefore seem to have been the mountain ranges that sweep in a kind of semicircle round the plain of the Friotd; and which were thence distinguished as the Alpes Gamieae, though in later times better known as the Alpes Juliae. [Alpbs.] Here they were bounded by the RliaetiaUs on the W., by the Noricans on the N.. and by the Tauiisci and lapodes on the E. Tergeste, on the very confines of Istria, was, before it became a Roman town, a village of the Cami. (Strab. vii. p. 314.) We have no ex- press statement in any ancient author, concerning their origin, but there seem to be good reasons for believing them to be a Celtic race ; and the Fasti Trinmpbales record the triumph of M. Aemilius Scaurus in b. c. ] 15, " de Galleis Kameis." (Gru- ter. Inscr. p. 298. 3.) This is the only notice we have of the period of their conquest by the Romans, none of the extant historians having deemed the event worthy of mention ; nor have we any account of the period at which they were reduced to a state of more complete subjection; but the names of Ju- lium Gamicum, and Forum Julii, given to the two Roman towns which were established within their territory, sufficiently point out that this took place either under Caesar himself, or (more probably) under Octavian. The construction of a Roman road through the heart of this territory, which led from Aquileia up the valley of the Tilavemptus {Taglic^ menio) to Julium Canucum {Zuglki)^ and thence CARNUNTUM. across the southern chain of the Alps to Aguotom (^Innicken in the valley <^ the Drave, must have completely opened out their mountain fiistnesses. But the Cami continued to exist as a dlstmct tribe, down to a late period of tiie Roman Empire, and gave to the mountain regi<ui which they occupied the name of Gamia or Camiola. The latter form, which first appears in Paulns Diaconus {Hist. vi. 52), has been retained down to the present day, though the greater part of the modem duchy of CamioJa (called in German Krain), was not included within the limits of the Garni, as these are defined by Strabo and Pliny. The name of the adjoining pro- vince of Carinthia (in German KartUhen) is evi- dently also derived from that of the Cami. The name of that people may very probably be derived from the Celtic root Cam, a point or peak (con- nected with the German Horn), and have reference to their abode among the lofty and ragged summits of the Alps. (Zenss, Die DmUcken, p. 248.) The topography of the land of the Cami is given under the general head Venetia: it being impos- sible to define with certainty the limits of Uie Garni and Venoti, the distinction established by Ptolemy having certainly not been generally observed. The only two towns of any consideration which we can assign witii certainty to the Cami, are Julium Gamicum (Zvfflio), and Forum Julii {CividaUi), the latter of which became, towards the close of the Roman Em- pire, a place of great importance, and gave to the whole surrounding province the name, by which it is still known, of the FrivH, or FriouL Pliny men- tions two other towns, named Ocra and Segeste, as belonging to the Cami, but which no longer existed in his time. (Plin. ui. 18. s. 23.) [E. H. B.] GA'RNIA (KapWa), a city of Ionia, mentioned by Nicolaus of Damascus in the fourth book of his history. It is otherwise unknown. (Steph. 8, v. Kapvia.) [G. L.] CARNONAGAE, a people in Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy as lying between the Creones and the Gareni. This gives them the NW. parts of the county of StOherland, [R. G. L.] CARNUNTUM (KapFoD;), an ancient and im- portant Celtic town in the north of Pannonia, on the southern bank of the Danube. Extensive rains of the place are still visible near ffaimburg, between Deutsck-A Uenburg and Petronell. Even before Vin- dubona rose to eminence, Gamuntum was a place of arms of great importance to the Romans; for the fieet of the Danube, which was subsequently trans- ferred to Vindobona, was originally stationed there, together with the legio xiv getnina. In some in- scriptions we find It stated that the town was raised to the rank of a colony, and in others, that it was made a municipium. (Orelli, InscripL Nos. 2288, 2439, 2675, 4964; Veil. Pat. ii. 109; PUn iv. 25.) The town appears to have reached its liighest prosperity during the war of the Marcomanni, when the emperor M. Aurelius made it the centre of all his operations against the Marcomanni and Quadi, on which occa- sion he resided there for three years, and there wrote a portion of his Meditations. (Eutrop. viii. 13.) Gamuntum also contained a hirge manufactory of arms, and it was there that Severas was proclaimed emperor by the army. (Spartiau. Sever, 5.) In the fourth century Gamuntum was taken and destroyed by German invaders, in consequence of which the Danubian fleet and the fourteenth legion were trans- forred to Vindobona. (Amm. ilarc xxx. 5.) It was, however, rebuilt; and in the reign of Vaientinian, » ^ .-<^f ^'