Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/536

 518 CABIA. people. The Lel^es [Leleoes] seem to hare once occapied a considerable part of the west coast of Asia Minor. Strabo (p. 611) observes, that " in all Caria and in Miletus tombs d the Leleges, and forts and vestiges of bnildings, are shown." The tme c<»icInsion seems to be that Cares and Leleges are different peoples or nations, whatever relationship there may luive been between them. In proof of the former occnpation of some of the islands of the Aegean by Carians, Thucydides (L 8) states that when the Athenians, in the Peloponnesian war, re- moved all the dead bodies fn>m the sacred island of Delos, above half appeared to be Carians, who were recognised by th»r arms, which were buried with them, and by the manner of their interment, which was the same that they used when Thucydides wrote. He states that the early inhabitants of the isUnds of the Aegean were pirates, and they were Garians and Phoenicians. According to him, Minos expelled the Garians from the Gyclades (i. 4), which is not the tradition that Herodotus followed. The Garians of Homer occupied Miletus, and the banks of the Maeander, and the heights of Mycale; and con- sequently, according to Homer, they were both north and south of this river. Strabo even makes tbe original inhabitants of Ephesus to have been Cares and Leleges. Within the limits of Caria was a people named Cannil, who had a town Caunus, on the south coast. Herodotus (i. 171) believed them to be autochthonous, but they said that they came from Crete. Herodotus also says that tbey approximated in language to the Carian nation, or the Garians to them; he could not tell which. But in customs they differed from the Garians and from every other people. The remark about the language is not very clear, but as Herodotus was a native (^ Caria, he may be supposed to be right as to the fact d some resembknce between the languages of these two people. The settlements of the lonians in Asia dispUiced the Garians from Mycale, near which Priene was built, from Myus on tibe south side of the Maeander, and from the territoiy of Miletus, which, according to Homer, was a Carian city {IL ii. 866). The Dorians drove them from Halicamassus, from Cnidus and the Triopia, and probably the Dorians found the Garians in the island of Cos, which they also seized. The possessions of the Rhodians on the south coast probd>ly belong to the same epoch. But it was only the sea-coast that the early Greek settlers occupied, according to their usual practice, and not all the sea-ooast, for in the time of Xerxes (b. c. 480), the Garians contributed 70 ships to the Persian fleet, and the Dorians of Caria supplied only thirty. Homer designates the Garians by the epithet Baft- ^apw^vw (^11. iu 865), the exact meaning of which is a difSculty to us, as it was to Strabo and others of his countrymen (p. 661). We may conclude that there was some intermixture between the Greek settlers and the Garians, as is always the case when two peoples live near one another. But the Garians maintained their language, though many Greek words were introduced into it, as Strabo says (p. 662), on the authority of Philippus, who wrote a history of the Garians. The Garians lived in small towns or vilUiges (kw/acu), united in a kind of federation. Their place of meeting was a spot in the interior, where the Macedonians, after the time of Alexander, founded the colony of l^ratonicea. They met at the temple of Zeus Chrysaoreus to sacrifice and to deli- CARIA. berate on their OHnmon interests. The federation was called Gbrysaoreum, c(msisting of the several comae ; and those who had the most comae had the superiority in the vote, an expression that admits more interpretations than one. This federation existed after the Macedonian conquest, for the people of Stratonicea were members of the federation, by virtue of their temtorial position, as Strabo observes (p. 660), though they were not Garians. The Garians may have formed this confederatiim after they were driven into the interior by the lonians and Dorians. This temple was at least purely Carian, and not a conmion temple like that at Mylasa, mentioned above. The Garians, at the time of the Persian conquest of Caria, had also a Zeus Stratios, whose temple was at Labranda. (Herod, v. 119.) The Garians were included in the Lydian king- dom of Croesus (Herod, i. 28), as well as the Dorians who had settled in their country. On the overthrow of Croesus by Gyrus, they passed under Persian dominion, without making any great resist^ ance (Herod. L 1 74) ; and they were included in the first nome of Darius with the Lycians and others. (Herod, iii. 90.) In the Ionian revolt (b. c. 499) the Garians made a brave resistance to the Persians. They fought a great battle with the Persians south of the Maeander, on the river Marsyas, and though the Garians were defeated, the enemy lost a great number of men. In a second battle the Garians fiired still worse, but the Milesians, who had joined them, were the chief sufferers. At last, the Persian commander Daurises fell into an ambuscade by night, which the Garians hud for him in Pedasns, and perished with his men. The commander of the Garians in this ambuscade was Hentcleides, of My- lasa, a Greek. In this war we see that Garians and Greeks fought side by side (Herod, v. 1 19 — 12 1 ). After the capture of Miletus (b. c. 494), the Per- sians recaved the submission of some of the Carian cities, and compelled the submission of the rest. (Herod. vL 25.) The Persians established kingly government in Caria, and under their protection there was a dynasty of Carian princes, who may, however, have been of Greek stock. Halicamassus was the residence of these kings. [Halicarnassus.] Artemisia, the daughter of Lygdamis, and of a Cretan mother, ac- companied Xerxes to the battle of Salamis with five ships (Herod, vii. 99). She was more of a man than a woman. The Athenians, during their naval supremacy, made the people of the Carian coast tri- butary, but they did not succeed in establishing their tyranny in the interior. (Thucyd. ii. 9, iii. 19.) When Alexander, in his Persian expedition, entered Caria, Ada, queen of the Garians, who had been deprived of the royal authority, surrendered to him Alinda, a town in the interior, and the strongest place in Caria. Alexander rewarded her by re-establish- ing her as queen of all Caria, for she was entitled to it as the sister and widow of her brother Idrieus. (Arrian, Anah. i. 23 ; Diod. xvii. 24.) It seems that the early l^laoedonian kings of £gypt somehow got a footing somewhere in Caria. (Polyb. iii. 2.) After the Romans had finally defeated Antiochus, king of Syria (b. c. 190), who seems to have added Caria to his dominions, the Romans gave part of Caria to Eumenes, king of Pergamus, and part to the Rhodians. (Polyb. xxii. 27 ; Liv. xxxvii. 56 ; Appian, J^. c. 44.) According to the terms of the Senatusconsultum, as reported by Livy, the Romans gave to Eumenes, Caria called Hydrela, and the