Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/524

 506 GAPPADOCIA. part of the range of Abas. St. Martin (Mem. sw VArmenitf vol. i. p. 43) derives the name Capotes from the Armenian word Gahovdy signifying blue^ an epithet commonly given to high mountains. Ritter (Erdkunde^ voLx. pp. 80, 653, 801, 823) identifies Capotes with the Dujik range or great wat«r-shed between the E. and W. branches of the Euphrates. The Murdd'Chdi^ the E. branch or principal stream of the Euphrates, takes its rise on the S. slope of AU-Tdgh. (Chesney, Exped. Eu- phrat.' vol. i. p. 42 ; Jaum, Geog. Soc, vol. vi. p. 204, vol. X. p. 369.) [E. B. J.] CAPPADO'CIA (KxanriOoKla: Eth. KmnraW- 107$, Kan^dSo^, -^okos). This extensive province of Asia lies west of the Euphrates, and north of Cilicia: its limits can only be defined more exactly by briefly tracing its histoi^. The names Cappadox and Cappadocia doubtless are purely Asiatic, and probably Syrian names, or names that belong to the Aramaic languages. The Syri in the army of Xerxes, who were armed like the Paphlagones, were called Cappadocae by the Persians, as Herodotus says (vii. 72); but this will not prove that the name Cappadocae is Persian. These Cappadocae (Herod, i. 72) were called Syri or Syrii by the Greeks, and they were first subject to the Medi and then to the Persiaiis. The boundary between the Lydian and the Median empires was the Halys, and this river in that part of its course where it flows northward, separated the Syrii Cappadocae on the east of it from the Paphlagones on the west of it. We may collect from Herodotus' confused description of the Halys, that the Cappadocae were immediately east of that part of the river which has a northern course, and tiiat they extendi to the Euxine. In another passage (v. 49) the Cappadocae are mentioned as tho neighbours of the Phrygians on the west, and of the Cilicians on the south, who extended to the sea in which Cyprus is, that is to the Mediterranean. Again (v. 52) Herodotus, who is dejfcribing the road from Sardes to Susa, makes the Halys the boundary between Phrygia and Cap- padocia. But in another passage: he places Syrians on the Thcrmodon and the Parthenius (ii. 104), though w^e may reasonably doubt if there is not some error about the Parthenius, when we carefully ex- amine this passage. It does not seem possible to deduce anything further from Yoa .text as to the extent of the country of the Cappadocians as he con- ceived it. The limits were clearly much less than those of the later Cappadocia, and the limits of Cilicia were much wider, for his Cilicia extended north of the Taurus, and eastward to the Euphrates. The Syrii then who were included in the third nome of Da- rius (Herod, iii. 90) with the Paphlagones and Ma- riandyni were Cappadocae. The name Syri seems to have extended of old from Babylonia to the gulf of IssuS| and from the gulf of Issus to the Euxine (Strab. p. 737). Sti-abo also says that even in his time both the Cappadocian peoples, both those who were situated about the Taurus and those on the Euxine, were called Leucosyri or White Syrians, as if there were also some Syrians who were bUck; and these black or dark Syrians are those who are east of the Amanus. (See also Strab. p. 542.) The name Syria, and Assyria, which often means the same in the Greek writers, was the name by which the country along the Pontns and east of the Halys was first known to the Greeks, and it was not forgotten (A poll. Argon, ii. 948 « 964; Dionys. Perieg. v. 772, and the comment f£ Eustathius). CAPPADOCIA. Under the Persians the conntry called Cappadocia in its greatest extent, was divided into two satrapies; but when the Macedonians got possession of it, they allowed these satrapies to become kingdoms, partly with their consent, and partly against it, to one of which they gave the name of Cappadocia, properly so called, which is the country bordering on Taurus ; and to the other the name of Pontus, or Cappadocia on the Pontus. (Strab. p. 534.) The aatrapiGS of Cappadocia of coarse existed in the time of Xenophon, iVom whom it appears that Cappadocia had Lyca- onia on the west (^Anab. i. 2. § 20); but Lycaonia and Cappadocia were under one satrap, and Xenophon mentions only one satrapy called Cappadocia, if the list at the end of the seventh book is genuine. Cappadocia, in its widest extent, consisted of many parts and peoples, and underwent many changes; but those who spoke one language, or nearly the same, and, we may assume, were one people, the Syri, were bounded on the south by the Cilician Taurus, the great mountain range that separates the table hind of Cappadocia from the tract along the Mediterranean; on the east they were bounded by Armenia and Colchis, and by the intermediate tribes that spoke various lan- guages, and these tribes were numerous in the moun- tain regions south of the Black Sea; on the north they were bounded by the Euxine as far as the mouth of the Halys; and on the west by the natitm of the Paphlagones, and of the Galatae who settled in Phrygia as far as the borders of the Lycaonians, and the Cilicians who occupy the mountainous (t/mi- Xcia) Cilicia. (Strab. p. 533.) The boundaries which Strabo here assigns to the Cappadocian nation agree very well with the loose description of Hero- dotus, and the only difference is that Strabo intro- duces the name of the Galatae, a body of adventurers from Gaul who fixed themselves in Asia Minor after the time of Herodotus. The ancients, however {ol ToXaioQ, distinguished the Cataones from the Cappa- docians as a different people, though they spoke the same language; and in the enameration of the na- tions, they placed Cataoiiia after Cappadocia. and then came the Euphrates and the nations east of the Euphrates, so that they placed even Melitene under Cataonia, which Melitene lies between Cataonia and the Euphrates, and borders on Commagene. Aria- rathes, the first man who had the title of king of tho Cappadocians, attached Cataonia to Cappadocia. (Strab. p. 534, in w^hose text there is some little confu&ion, but it does not affect the general meaning; Groskurd's note on the passage is not satis&ctory.) The kings of Cappadocia ti'aced their descent from one of the seven who assa.ssinated the usurper Smer- dis, B.C. 521. The Persian satraps who held this province are called kings by Diodorus; but their power must have been very insecure until the death of Seleucus, the last of the successors of Alexander, B.C. 281. Ariarathes I., as he is called, died in B. c. 322. He was defeated by Pcrdiccas, who hanged or impaled him. Ariarathes II., a son of Holophemes, brother of Ariarathes I., expelled the Macedonians from Cappadocia, and left it to Ariamnes, one of his sons, called the second; for the father of Ariarathes I. was called Ariamnes, and he had Cappadocia as a satrapy. Arianmes II. was followed by Ariarathes III., and he was succeeded by Aria- rathes IV., who joined King Antiochus in his war against the Romans, who afterwards acknowledged him as an ally. He died B.C. 162. His successors were Ariarathes V. and VI., and with Ariarathes VI. the royal fimiily of Cappadocia became extinct, about