Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/504

 486 CAMACHA. the spot, bare the name ^Gadyitnda* indttded In their inscriptions." (Spratt's Lgfcictf toL i. p. 44.) It is stated in another passage in this work that the monumental inscription was found five or six miles south of Cadyanda. The name Caljnda occurs in Ptolcroj (y. 3) as a Lycian city, and it is the nearest Lydan dty to Caunus in Oaria. Pliny (▼. 28) mentions ** Flumen Axon, Oppidum Calynda." It is plain that Pto- lemy's Calynda will not suit the position of Cady- anda; nor can the poeiUon cf Cadyanda be reconciled with Strabo*8 position of Calynda. It is certiun that Calynda is not Cadyanda. N<»e of the inscriptions of Cadyanda which are given by Fellows aud in Spratt's Lyda are of an early period. There is little or no doubt that Calynda is in the basin of the large • river Talaman-SUf which seems to be the Calbis of Strabo, and the same river that Pliny and Livy call the Indus. [G. L.] CA'MACHA (KdfJMX*: Kemdkh),Mraaz fortress of Aimenia, called in Annenian Gamakh, and also Ani, was well known in history, but it was not till lately that its site could be identified. Mr. Brant (Jaum. Geog. Soc. vol. vL pw 203) places it at about 26 miles 5V. from Ernngdn, on Uie left bank of the W. Euphrates (^Kard-Su). It is a singular place; an elevated porticMi of the town is within a wall of very ancient structure, but commanded by mountains rising close to it. The remainder is situated on a slope amidst gardens aso^oding from the river bank. It enclosed a celebrated temple of the god Aramazd, containing a great number of literary mmiuments, which were destroyed by the orders of St. Gr^ory of Armenia. Here were deposited the treasures of the Armenian kings, as well as many of their tombs: hence the name, — the word Gamakh signifying " a corpse." The Byzantine emperors kept a strong garrison here to defend the eastern part of tlieir empire from the attacks of the Moslems, up to the commencement of the 1 1th century. (Comp. Const. Porph. de Adm. Imp. 50 ; St. Martin, Ai&n. tur tArmade^ vol. i. p. 72; Bitter, ErdkundBj vol. x. p. 782 ; Chesney, E^ped. EuphraL vol. i. p. 41.) [K. B. J.] CAAIARA {Kofi^ai Eth. Katuifmos, Steph. B.), a city of Crete, situated to the £. of Olus (Ptol. iii. 17. § 5), at a distance of 15 stadia according to the Maritime Itinerary. Xenion, a Cretan historian quoted by Steph. B. (tf.t^.), says that it was once called Lata (lioeck, KretOj vol. i. pp. 10, 394, il6.) [E.B.J.] CAMARACUM (Cambreuf), in Gallia, a town of the Nervii, on the road from Bagacum {Bavay) to Taruenna {Terouenne). It is first mentioned in the Antonine Itin. and in the Table. Cambray is on the right bank of the Escaut or Schdde, in the French department of Nord. Its position is easily fixed by the Itineraries. [G. L.] CAMARrNA (JSMiAJfwa or KayMplvai Eth. Ko- fioptvcuoSj Camarinensis : Camarana)j a celebrated Greek dty of Sicily, situated on the S. coast of the isUnd, at the mouth of the little river Hipparis. It was about 20 miles £. of Gda, and 40 from Cape Pachynum. Thucydides tells us that it was a colony of Syracuse, founded 135 years after the establish- ment of the parent dty, i.e. 599 B.C., and this date is confirmed by the Scholiast on Pindar, which places its foundation in the 45th Olympiad. (Thuc vi. 5; Schol.a<;/^nd.(?/.v.l6; Euseh,Chron.adOl.XLV.) It must have risen rapidly to prosperity, as only 46 ycoiv after its first foundation it attempted to throw CAHABINA* off the yoke of the parent city, but the effort proved nnsuccrasful ; and, as a punishment for its revdt, the Synicusans destroyed the refractory city from its foun- datbns, B.C. 552. (Thuc. I c. ; Scymn. Ch. 294 — 296 ; Schol. ad Find. I. c.) It appears to have remained desolate until about B.C. 495, when Hippocrates, ty- rant of Gek, by a treaty with Syracuse, obtained pos- session of the territory of Camarina, and recolomsed the dty, himself assuming the title of its founder or oekist. (Thuc. L c; Herod, vii. 154; Philist ap, SchoL ad Pmd. OL v. 19.) This second colony did not last l(Hig, having been put an end to by Gelon, the successor c? Hippocrates, who, after he had made himself master of Syracuse, in b. c 485, removed thither all the inhabitants of Camarina, and a second time destroyed their dty. (Herod, vii. 156; Thuc I. c. ; Philist. I c.) But after the expulsion of Thra- sybulus from Syracuse, and the return of the exiles to their respective cities, the people of Gela, for the third time, estaUished a cokmy at Camarina, and portioned out its territory among the new settlers. (Died. xi. 76 ; Thuc I c, where there is no doubt that we should read rcA^Swy for r4Ke$tfos ; Schol. ad Pmd, OL V. 19.) It is to this third foundation, which must have taken place about B.C. 461, that Pindar refers in cdebrating the Olympic victory of Psaumis of Camarina, when he calls that dty his newly, founded abode (riy ¥4oueoy cSpoF, OL v. 19). In the same ode the poet celebrates Uie rapidity with which the buildings of the new dty were rising, and the people passing from a state of insignificance to one of wealth and power (&«-* iiftaxttyias 4s ^>dos, lb. 31), The new odony was indeed more fortunate than its predecessors, and the next 50 years were the most fiourishing period in the history of Cama- rina, which retained its independence, and assumed a prominent rank among the Greek dties of Sidly. In thdr political relations the Camarinaeans appear to have been mainly guided by jealousy of thdr powerful neighbour Syracuse: hence they were led to separate themsdves in great measure from the other Dorian cities of Sidly, and during the war be- tween Syracuse and Leontini, in B.C. 427, they were the only people of Dorian origin who took part with the latter. At the same time there was always a party in the city favourable to the Syracusans, and dis- posed to join the Dorian alliance, and it was probaUy the infhience of this party that a few yeara afi«r induced them to conclude a tmoe with tiieir ndgh- hours at Gela, which eventually led to a general pacification. (Thuc. iii. 86, iv. 25, 65.) By the treaty finally condudcd, Thucydides tells us, it was stipulated that the Camarinaeans should retain pos- session of the territory of Morgantia (Mo^aKrt'rir), an arrangement which it is not easy to understand, as the city of that name was situated far away in the interior of Sidly. [Moroantia.] A few yeara later the Camarinaeans were still ready to assist the Athenians in supporting the Leontines by arms (Thuc. V. 4); but when the great Athenian expe- dition appeared in Sidly, they were reasonably alarmed at the ulterior views of that power, and re- fused to take part with either side, promising to maintain a strict neutrality. It was not till fortune had declared decidedly in favour of the Syracusans that the Camarinaeans sent a small force to their support (Thuc. vi. 75, 88; Died. xiiL 4, 12.) A few yean later the great Carthaginian invasion of Sicily gave a fittal blow to the prosperity of Ca- nuurina. Its territory was ravaged by Himiloo in the spring of b. c 405, but the dty itself was not