Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/502

 484 CALTDNAE IKSULAE. the Mediterranean north-east of the promontory of Sarpedon. " The moBt fertile and the only extensive level in (Gilicia) Tracheiotis is the valley of tiie Galycadnus, a duftrict which waa sennetimes called Oitb " (Leake, Ana Minor, p. 1 1€.) The Caly- cadnos is abont 180 feet wide, opposite to Seleueeia, where there is a bridge of six arches. The river is now called the GhiukrSu. It enters the sea through a low sandy beach. In the treaty between Antiochns and the Romans (Pcdyb. xzii. 26) the Syrian king was not to navigate west of the promontory 'Caly- cadnum, except in ^rtain cases. Livy (xxxviii. 38) mentions the same terms, bnt he speaks both of Calycadnum and the Sarpedon (promonturia); and Appian (Syr. 39) also mentions the two promon.- tories Calycadnum and Sarpedonium, and in the same order. Now if the Sarpedon of Strabo were the lofty promontory of Cape Qat^cUiere, as Beaufort aappoeed (Karttmania, .p. 335), the Calycadnum, which we may tfairly. infer to be near Sarpedon, and near the river, might he the long sandy point of Liaaan el Kahpeh, which is between Cape Cavaliere, and the moufcli ^ the river Calycadnos. Beanfort supposes this long sandy point to be the Zephyrium of Strabo. It is correctly described in the Stadiasmns " as a sandy narrow spit, 80 stadia firom the. Caly- cadnus," which is about the true distance; but in the Stadiasmus it is called Sarpedonia. According to the Stadiasmns then the cape called Calycadnum must be, as Leake supposes, the projection of the sandy coast At the mouth of the Calycadnne. This identification of Sarpedon with Lissan el Kahpehj and the position of Zephyrium at the mouth of the Calycadnos, Agree very well with Strabo's words; and the Zephyrium of Strabo and Calycadnum of Livy and Polybius and Appian, may be the same. Ptolemy going from west to east mentions Sarpedon, the river Calycadnus and Zephyrium ; but his Zephyrium may still be at the mouth of the Calycadnus. [G. L.] CALYDNAE U^ljLAE (KciAvSmu i^croi). 1. A group of islands' off the coast of Caria, men- tioned by Homer (//. ii.,.677), of which the prin- cipal one was Calymiia. For details, see Ca- LYMNA. 2. Two small islands ^ the coast of Troas, said to be situa'ed between Teuedos and the promontory Lectum. (Strab. xiii. p. 604 ; Quint. Smym. xii. 453 ; Eustath. ad Horn. IL ii. 677; Tzetz. ad lAf- cophr. 25.) But na islands are found in this posi- tion ; and it is not impossible that they may owe their name to the pasjiage in Homer mentioned above, though the Calydnae of Homer are in an entirely different position. CAXYDON (KaAv8<6y : Eth. KoXvSe^iof^ Caly- donius : KurUaga'), the most celebrated city of Actolia, in the heroic age, was founded ^y Aetojus in the land of the Curetes, and w^s caUed Calydon, «fUr the name of his son. tialydon and the neighbouring town of Pleuron are said by Strabo to have been once the ornament (^r/M^f^Ma) of Greece, but to have sank in his time into insignificance. Calydon was situated in a fertile plain near the Evenus, afid at the distance of 7j^ (Roman) miles from the sea, ac- oording to Pliny. It la frequently mentioned by Homer, who gives it the epithet of irrrpriiictra and oircii^, from which we might conclude that the city was situated on a rocky height; but Strabo Sttys that these epithets were to be applied to the district and not to the city itself. Homer also oele. bnites the fertility of the plain of the "lovely" (Jfwyrii) Calydon. (ApoUod. i. 7. § 7 ; Plin. iv. 3; CALYDON. Horn. /I ii. 640, ix. 577, xiii. 217, xiv. 116; Strab. pp. 450, seq., 460.) In the earliest times the inha- bitants of Calydon appear to have been engaged in inoessant hostilities with the Curetes, vrho <»ntinued to reside in their ancient capital Pleunn, imd who endeavoured to expel the invaders from tiieir country. A vivid account of one of the battles betweoi the Curetes and Oalydonians is given in jm episode of the Iliad (ix. 529, seq.). The heroes of CiJfdoii are among the most celebrated of tiie heroic age. It was the residence of Oeneos, iather of Tydons and Meleager, and grandfather of Diomedes. In the time of Oeneus Artemis sent a monstrous boar to lay waste the fields of Calydon, which was himted by Meleager and numerous other heroes. (See Diet, of Myth, art Meleager.) The Calydoniiuns took part in the Trojan war under their king Thoas, the son (not the grandson) of Oeneus. (Hom. //. ii.£38.) Calydon is not often mentioned in the historical period. In b. c. 391 we find it in felie possession of the Achaeans, bnt we are not told how it came into their hands; we know, however, that Naupactns was given to the Achaeans at the close of the Felopon- nesian war, and it was probably the Achaeans settled at Naupactus who gained possession of the towa. In the above-mentioned year the Achaeans at Caly- don were so hard pressed by the Acamanians that they applied to the Lacedaemcmians for help ; and Agesilaus in consequence was sent with an anny into Aetolia. Calydon remained in 'the hands of the Achaeans till the overthrow of the Spartan 8upre» macy by the battle of Leuctra (^..c. 371), when Epaminondas restored the town to .the Aetolians. In the civil war between Caesar and Pompey (b. «% 48) it still appears as a considerable place; but* few years afterwards its inhabitants were removed by Augustus to Nicopolis, which he founded to. commemorate his victory at Actium (b. c. 31). It continues however to be mentioned by the later geographers. (Xen. ffeU. iv. 6. § 1 ; Pans. iii. 10. § 2 ; Diod. xv. 75 ; Caee. B. C. iii. 35 ; Mel. ii. 3, § 10; PUn. iv. 3; Ptol. iii. 15. § 14.) Calydon mm the head-quarters of the wondiip of Artenys La^ phria, and when the inhabitants of the town vena removed to Nicopolis, Augostus gave to Patrae in Achaia the statue of ibis goddess which had be^ longed to Calydon. ^Paus. iv.31. §7, vii. 18. §8.) There was also a statue of Dionysus at Patme which had been removed from Calydon. ^Paua. vii. 21.) Near Calydon there was a temple tit Apollo Laphrius (Strab. p. 459, with Kmner'a note) ; and in the neighbourhood of the city thep» was also a lake celebrated for its fish. [See p. 64, a.] In the Roman .poets we find CaJyddnU, a woroaa. of Calyilon, i. e. Deianlra, daughter of Oeneus, king- of Calydon (Ov. Met. ix. 112); CcUydomM heros^ i. e. Meleager {Ibid. viii. 324) ; Calydomm anmitf. i. e. the Achelons, separating Acamania and Aetolia, because Calydon was the chief town of Aetolia- (Ibid. viii. 727, ix. 2) ; Caiydonia regno, i. e. Apulia,, because Diomedes, the son of Tydeus, and gnuuisoo. of Oeneus, king of .CaJydon, afterwards obtained. Apulia as his kingdom. (Ibid. xiv. 512.) There has been some dispute cespocting the ai» of Calydon. The Peutingerian Table plftces it east of the Evenus, and 9 miles from this river; but thj» is dearly a mistake. It is evident fran Strabo'a account (p. 450, seq.), and from all the legend* relating to Calydon, that both this city and Pleuron lay on the western side of the Evenus, between this