Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/501

 CALOS. Valtiinras, still called the Colore. It rises in the country of the Hirpini, in the same lofty gronp of mountains in which the Aufidus and the Silatnis have their sonrces : from tlience it flows first N. and then W., passes under the walls of Beneventum, and joins the Vnlturnus a few miles SW. of Telesia. In this course it receives two tributary streams ; the Sabatus or Sabbato, which joina it under the walls of Beneventum, and the Tamarus or TamarOf about 5 miles higher up its course. It was on the banks of this river, about three miles from Beneventum, tlwt the Carthaginian general Hanno was defeated by T. SsDBfnmius Gracchus in b. c. 214; and some authors, also, represented it as the scene of the de- feat and deaUi of Crraeehns himself two years later : which, however, according to Livy, really occurred at a place called Gampi Veteres in Lucania. (Liv. xxiv. 14, zxv. 17; Appian. Annib. 36.) 2. A river of Lucania, flowing into the Silams. Its name is known only fh>m the Itin. Ant. (pw 110) which marks a station '* Ad Galorem," on the road leading from Saleraum into Lucania : the distances given are confused, but there is no doubt that the river meant is the one still called the Cahre^ which flows from the S. nearly parallel with the Tanagros or TanagrOf and joins the Silarus {Sde) about 5 miles from its mouth. [£. H. B.] CALOS (KoXbs woroM^r), a river of Pontus, the positioD of which may be placed approximately from the fact of its being 120 stadia west of the river Rhizius, which is I^gah in the PashaHck of Trdfi- zond. There was at its mouth a tradmg port called Cale Parembole. (Arrian, p. 7.) [6. L.] CALPE(K(iin7: KdXwu, Philostr. Vit Apoll Y, 1 ; GibraUar% the ancient name of the precipitous rock, at the S. extremity of the Spanish coast, and at the £. end of the Fretum Gaditanum (Straits of GibraUar), which formed the northern c^ the two hills called by the aiKients the Pillars of Hercules; the southern pillar, on the African coast, being Abyla. [Abyla, Herodus Colusinae]. Galpe is described by Strebo (iii. p. 139) as a mountain at the point where tlie Inner Sea joins the Outer, on the right hand of those sailing outwards, belonging to the Iberians called Bastetani or Bastuli, not huge in circuit, but lofty and precipitous, so thai from a distance it appeara like an island (an appear- ance due also to the flatness of the isthmus which unites it to the mainland). He places it at dis- tances of 750 or 800 stadia from Gadeira {Cadiz) OB the W., and from MaUica (Malaga) on the E., and 2200 stadia finom Carthago Nova (iii. pp. 156, 168, oomp. L p. 51, U. p. 108, iii. pp. 148, 170; Philostr. L c; Marcian. Heracl. p. 37; PtoL iL 4. § 6). Mela (L 5. § 3, ii. 6. § 8) adds that it was hollowed out into a great concavity on the W. side, 80 as to be almost pierced through; but whether this description refers to the general form of the rock, or to the numerous caves which exist in it, is not dear from Mela's words. Pliny mentions it as the outmost nxmntam of Spun, and the W. head- land of that great gulf of the Mediterranean, of which the S. point of Italy forms the E. headland (iii. 1. 8. 1, 3). The name has been a fertile subject of conjecture. According to the prutice of finding a significant Greek word in the most foreign names, some derived it from Kdinij an um^ to which the form of the rock was fiincied to bear some resemblance (Schol. ad Jw, Sat, xiv. 279 ; Avien. Or. Mar. 348, 349). Mom woctfay of notiee, though evidently confused, CALYCADNUS, 483 are the statements of Eustathlus (ad Dion, Perieg. 64) and Avienm (I c. 344—347). The former says that, of the two pillars of Hercules, that in Europe was called Calpe in the barbarian tongue, but Alffbe Caa^i?) by the Greeks; and that in Libya Aberma by the barbarians (comp. Philostr. /. c.) and Cgnegetice (Kvnryenic^) in Greek, or, as he says lower down Abgle or Ahylyx (^AivXriv ^ the rock on the African shore, interprets the word to mean in Punic, a lofty mountain. Probably the words Abilay Ahgla, Alyba, Calpe^ were originally identical; the chief difi^rence of ferm being in the presence or absence of the guttural; and it seems most likely that the root is Phoenician, jthough some would make it Iberian, and ccnmect it with the well- known Celtic root Alp. (Salmas. ad Soli». p. 203; Tzsch. ad Mel ii 6. § 8; Wemsdorf, ad Avien, I c). Whatever may be the origin of the name of Calpe, it is probably the same word which we find used in reference to the S. of Spain in the various forms, Carp-% Cart^Aj Tar^essus, as will appear under Cakteia, where also will be found a discus- sion of Strabo's important statement respecting a city of the name of Calpe. The rock is too proudly familiar to English readere to need much description. It is composed of grey limestone and marble; its length from N. to S. is about 3 miles; its cucumfcrence about 7; and its highest point about 1500 feet above the sea. It divides the Mediterranean from the Bag of Gibr<U- iar or AlgesirtUy which opens up from the Slrait»j having 5 miles for its greatest width, and 8 for its greatest depth. At the head of this bay was the ancient city of Gartbia. The modem name is a corruption of JeheUTarih, .e. the hUl of Tariky a name derived from the Moorish conqueror who landed here, April 30, 711. (Ford, Handbook of Spain^ p. 107 ; Carter, Joumeg from Gibraltar to Malaga^ Col. James, Jlist, of the Herculean Straits.) [P. S.] GALPE (Kdkmi), a river of BIthynia, the ChaU pas of Strabo (p. 543). It lies between the Psilis, from which it is 210 stadia distant, and the Sanga- rius. There was also a port called the port of Calpe. Xenophon (Anab. vi. 4), who passed through the place on his retreat with the Ten Thousand, describes it as about half way between Byzantium and Hera- deia: it is a promontory, and the part which pro- jects into the sea is an abrupt precipice. The neck which connects the promontoiy with the mainland is only 400 feet wide. The port is under the rock to the west, and has a beach; and close to the sea there is a source of firesh water. The place is mi- nutely described by Xenophon, and is easily identified on the maps, in some of which the port is marked KirpeLimdn. ApoUonius (ilr^. ii. 661) calls the river Calpe " deep flowing " [G. L.] GALPIA. [Cartbia.] GALVGO'NES (Kao6Kwes), a tribe of the Le- p<mtii in Khaetia, the name of which is still preserved in that of the valley of Kalanca. (Plin. iii. 24 ; Ptol. ii. 12. § 3.) [L. S.] CALVUS, a hill near BUbilis, in Hispania Tar- raconensis, mentioned by Martial (i. 49). [P. S.] CALYCADNUS (KaXmaZvos), one of the largest rivers of Cilicia. (Strab. p. 670.) It rises in the range of Taurus, and after a general eastern course between the range of Taurus and the high land which borders this part of the coast of Cilicia, it passes Selefkiehj the remains of Selenoeia, and enters ' 1 1 2
 * A€6vKa). Avienus, confining the name Abila to