Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/500

 482 dALLIPOLlB. at 75.) Its name snfSciently sttestfi its Oreek origin, which is farther confirmed 4>y Mela (ii. 4), who calls it " Urbs Giaia, GallipolLs;" and we learn from Dionysius (Fr. Mai. xvii. 4) tiiat it was founded bj a Lacedaemonian named Lencippns, with the consent and assistance of the Tarentines, who had themselves previoosly had a small settlement there. Pliny tells ns that it was called in his time Anxa (" Gallipolis quae nnnc est Anxa" iii. 11. s. 16), but it woatd seem to have never lost its Greek appel> lation, which it retains almost unaltered at the pre^nt day. The ancient city doubtless occupied the same site with the modem GallipoH, on a rocky peninsnla projecting boldly into the sea, a!&d con- nected with the mainland only by a bridge or cause* way. It is remarkable that we tind in ancient times no allusion to the excellence of its port, to which it owes its present prosperity; it is now one of the most considerable trading towns in this part of Italy, and contains above 12,000 inhabitants. (Galateo, De Situ lapygiae, p. 39 ; Romanelli, vol. ii. pp. 44 -^7 ; Swinburne, Traveh^ vol. i. p* 368 ; Gius- tiniani, Diz, Gtogr, 8. v,). 2. A city on the E. coast of Sicily, which was of Greek origin, and a colony from the neighbouring city of Naxoe. (Scymn. Ch. 286 ; Strab. vi. p. 272.) It appears to have ceased to exist at an early period, as the only notice of it found in history is in Uerodotas (vii. 154), who mentions it as having been besieged and reduced to subjection by Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela. It is probable that it was destroyed, or its inhabitants ranoved, either by that ruler, or his successor Gelon, according to a policy familiar to the Sicilian despots, as, from the absence of aU mention of the name by Thucydides during the operations of the Athenians on the £. coast of Sicily, it seems certain that it was then no longer in exist- ence. Nor is the name afterwards found in Dio- doms; and it is only mentioned by Strabo as one of the cities of Sicily that had disappeared before his time. (Strab. vi. p. 272 ; Steph. B. «. «.) Silius Italicii8,indeed4 speaks of it as if it still existed during the Second Pmiic War (xiv. 249); but his accuracy on this point may well be questioned. It was pro- bably situated on the coast between Kaxos and Messana. [E. H. B.] CALLITOLIS (KaXXliroKis: GaUipoK), a town in the Thracian Chersonesus, opposite to Lampsacus. (Strab. xiii. p. 589 ; Steph. B. «. v.; Ptol. iii. 12. § 4; Procop. de AecL iv. 9 ; Liv. xxxl 16 ; Plin. iv. 18.) [L.S.] GALLIPOLIS. [Gallium.] CALLl'RRHOE (KaXt^p6ri), warm springs on the eastern side of the Jordan, and not far from the Dead Sea, to which Herod the Great resorted during his last illness, by the advice of his physicians. The stream flows into the Dead Sea. (Joseph. ArU. xvii. 6. § 5.) Pliny (v. 16) also describes it as " cahdus fons medicae salubritatis." (Rcland, Paiaett. pp. 302, 303, 678, 679.) The place was visited by Gaptains Irby and Mangles in 1818, and is thus described by those intelligent travellers: " Looking down into the valley of Gallirrhoe, it presents Bome grand and ro- mantic features. The rocks vary between red, grey, and black, and have a bold and imposing appearance. The whole bottom is filled, and in a manner choked, with a crowded thicket of canes and aspens of dif- ferent species, intermixed with the palm, which is also seen rising in tufts in the recesses of the mountain*s side, and in every place whence the springs issue. In one place a considerable stream of hot water b seen CAWBL precipitating it&elf from a high and perpendicakr shelf of rock, which is strongly tinted with the brilliant yellow of sulphur deposited upon it. On reaching the bottom, we found ourselves at what may be termed a hot river, so copious and rapd is it, and its heat so little abated; this oontinues as it passes downwards, by its receiving constant supplies of water of the same temperature. . .-. We paired fbur abundant springs, all within the distance of half>a^ mile, dischai^ng themselves into the stream at right angles with its course. We judged the distance from the Dead Sea by the ravine to be about one hour and a half. Maclean says that there was a cognominal city at Gallirrhoe; in which we think, from the very nature of the place, he must be wrong, since there is not space or footing for a town in the valley, so far as we saw it. That Herod must have had some lodging when he visited these springs, is true, and there are sufficient remains to prove that some stat of buildings have been erected. The whole surface of the shelf, where the springs are, is strewed over with tiles and broken pottery ; and, what is most surprising, within veiy few minutes, without any particular search, four ancient copper medals were found; all were too much defaced to be distinguish- able, but they appeared to be Roman." (Trat^, pp. 467—469.) Its course to the Dead Sea was ex- plored in 1848 by the American expedition, and de- scribed by Lieut. Lynch. '^ The stream, 12 feet wide and 10 inches deep, rushes in a southerly direction, with great velocity into the sea. Temperature of the air 70°, of the sea 78<^, of the stream 94°, one mile up the chasm 95°. It was a little stUphureous to the taste." It issues from a chasm 122 feet wide (the perpendicular sides of which vary from 80 to 150 feet in height), and runs through a small delta about 2 furlongs to the sea. (Lyndi*s Expedition^ p. 371.) [G.W.] GALLIRRHOE FONS. [Athenas, p. 292.] GALLISTRA'TIA (KoAAitrTporfo), a town in Asia, on the coast of the Euxine, 20 stadia east of Gape Garambis (Mardan. PeripL p. 73): it was also called Marsilla, acceding to the anonymous author of the Periplus. As Garambis is well known, Gallis- tiatia may also be determined. [G. L.] CALLITHE'RA, a town of Thessaly, in the dis- trict Thessaliotis, of uncertain site. ( Liv. xxxii. 13.) GA'LLIUM or GALLI'POLIS (KciAAwv, Pans. X, 22. § 6 ; Ka?0<iT0ktSj Pol. ap, Steph. B. t. 9. Kdpa(Liv. XXX. 31 : Eth. KaAic^s), the chief town of the Gallicnses (o2 KaAAi^r, Thuc. iii. 96), was situated on the eastern confines of Aetolia, on one of the heights of Mt. Oeta, and on the road from the valley of the Spercheus to Aetolia. It was by this road that the Gauls marohed into Aetolia in b.c. 279, when they surprised and destroyed Gallium, and com- mitted the most horrible atrocities on the inhabitants. (Pans. X. 22.) Gallium also lay on the road from Pyn (the summit of Oeta, where Hercules was supposed to have burnt himself) to Naupactus, and it was divided by Mt. Gorax from lower Aetolia. (Liv. xxx. 31.) GALO, a station in the north of GaDIa, which is placed in the Antonine Itin. on the road between Vetera (Zon/an) and Gelduba (^GMtb, as DAnville calls it, Gelh or GeUtp), The distances fix the place tolerably well, and Uie passage over the stream called the Kenmetbach^ the same apparently that D'Anville names the Kektet^ KenneUf or Kendd, seems to ropo-esent Galo. [G. L.] GALOR (K(i»p). 1. A river of Samnium, one of the most considerable of the tributanes of the