Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/498

 480 CALES. measure, to the fertility of its territory, which im- mediately adjoined the celebrated "-Falerniw ager," and was scarcely inferior to that favoured district in the excellence of its wines, the praises of which are repeatedly sung by Horace. (Hor. Carm. i. 20. 9, 81. 9, iv. 12. 14; Juv. i. 69; Strab. v. p. 243; Plin. xiv. 6. s. 8.) So fertile a district could not but be an object of desire, and we find that besides the original Roman colony, great part of the ter. ritory of Cales was repeatedly portioned out to fresh settlers : first in the time of the Gracchi, afterwards under Augustus. (Lib. Colon, p. 232.) Cales was also noted for its manufactures of implements of husbandry, and of a particular kind of earthenware vessels, called from their origin Calenae. (Cato, B.JL 135; Varr. ap. Nonium, xv. p. 545.) After the fall of the Western Empire, Cales suf- fered severely from the ravages of successive in- ▼aders, and in the 9th ceutury had almost ceased to exist : but was revived by the Normans. The modem city of Ccdvi retains its episcopal rank, but is a very poor and decayed place. It, however, preserves many vestiges of its former pros- perity, the remains of an amphitheatre, a theatre, and various other fragments of ancient buildings, of reticulated masonry, and consevjuently belonging to the best period of the Roman Empire, as well as raai'ble capitals and other fragments of sculpture. The course of the Via Latina, with its ancient pave- ment, may still be traced through the town. A spring of acidulous water, noticed by Pliny, as existing " in agro Caleno" (ii. 106) is still found near Francoliti^ a village about four miles W. of Calvi. (Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 437 ; Hoare's Classical Tour^ vol. i. pp. 246 — 248; Craven's Ahrvzel, vol. i. p. 27 — 30; Zona, Memorie deW AtUickissima citta di Calm, 4to., Napoli, 1820.) The coins of Cales are numerous, both in silver and copper: but from the circumstance of their all liaving Latin legends, it is evident they all belong to the Roman colony. [E. H. B.] COUi OF CALES. CALES (KaT7S, KaA77s), a river of Bithynia, 120 stadia east of Elaeus. (Arrian, p. 14: and Marc, p. 70.) This seems to be the river which Thncydides (iv. 75) calls Calcx (Ke{A7;{), at tlie mouth of which Lamachus lost his ships, which were anchored there, owing to a sudden rise of the river. Thurydiiles places the Calex in the Ilcracleotis, which agrees very well with the position of the Cales. Lnniachus and his troops were compelled to walk along the cwist to Chalcedon. Pliny (v. 32) mentions a river Alces in Bithynia, which it has been conjecturetl, may be a corruption of Calex. There was on tiie river Cales also an em|)orium or trading place called Cales. [G. L.] CALETI, or CALETES (KaXeroi, Strab.; Ka- AfiTOi, Ptol.) are reckoned by Caewir (/?. G. ii. 4) among the Bel^ic nations, and consequently are north of the Seine (B. G. i. 1). In n. c. 57 it was estimated that they could m'lster 10,000 fighters. CALINIPAXA. They are enumeratod under the name of Caletes iii our present texts, among the Armoric or maritime states of Gallia which joined in the attempt to relieve Vercingetorix when he was besieged by Caesar in Alesia in b. c. 52. The reading " Cadetes " may safely be rejected, nor are there any good reasons for distinguishing the Belgic Caleti from the Armoric Caletes. The Caleti also joined the Bellovaci and other tribes (b. c. 51) in a firesh attempt to resist Caesar. (A G. viii. 7.) Strabo (pp. 189, 194) places the Caleti on the north side of the Seinej at the mouth of the river, and he ob- serves that one of the usual lines of passage to Britain was from tliis country. Ptolemy's position for the Caleti is the same, and he informs us that Juliobona (^Lillehanne) was their chief town. The5c<yO . position thus agrees with the Pays de Cawx^ the i-^ name Caux being a corruption of Caleti, conformable f' ^ to a general principle in the French language. They were in the modem diocese of Rouen^ the other part of which was occupied by their neighbours the Velo- casses or Veliocasscs, who are also mentioned by Caesar {B. G. ii. 4). In the geography of Pliny (iv. 17) the Caleti are included in tiie division of Gallia Lugdunensis. Harduin remarks that in this passacrc of Pliny all the MSS. liave " Galletos." The Caleti are mentioneil by Pliny among those peoples who culti^-ated fl:ix largely. [G. L.] CALETRA, an ancient city of Etmria, which appears to have ceased to exist at a very early period, • but had left its name to a tract of territory called after it the " Calctranus ager." (PIm. iii. 5. s. 8.) The situation of this may be inferred from Livy, who tells us that the Roman colony of Satcrnia (in the valley of the Albegna) was established " in agro Calctrano," but he does not allude to the city itself (xxxix. 65). [E. H. B.] CALINGAE, a considerable people of India intra Gangem, close to the sea (>'. e. on tlie £. coast) with a capital Parthalis (Plin. vi. 17, 18. s. 21, 22). The promontory Caungou, which we may assume to heve belonged to them, was 625 M. P. from the mouth of the Ganges, and upon it was the town of Dakdagula. (Plin. vi. 20. s. 23.) This promontory and city are usually identified with those of CaUna- patnavfij about half way between the rivers Maha^ nuddy and Godavery; and the territory of the Ca- lingae seems to cori*espond pretty nearly to the district of Circars, lying along the coast of Orissa between the two rivers just named. Their wide diffusion, and their close connection with the Gangaridae, ai-e shown by the facts that Pliny calls them Calinoae Ganoaiudks (18. s. 22), and mentions the Modogalinoae on a great island in the Ganges, and the Maccocalingae oa the upper course of the river (17, 19. s. 21, 22). Ptolemy does not mention them; but their pasition seems to correspond to his district of Maesolia, in which he places the inland city of Calliga (KaA- A^7a), which is sujiposod to correspond to the mo- dem Coolloo^ above KuUack, on the Mahanuddy^ and to the Parthalis of Phny. (PtoL vii. 1. § 93.) There are other traces of the name, along the E. coast, even to the S. extremity of the peninsula, where Ptolemy calls the promontory opposite to Ceylon KaiyiK6v (vii. 1. § 1 1 : Cory). [P. S.] CALINIPAXA (pn)b. Kanouge), a city of India intm Gangem, made known to the Greeks by the expedition of Selcucus Nicator. It stood on the Ganges considerably above its confluence with the Jomanes (Jumna), 625 M. P. above, according to