Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/497

 (' CALEDONIA. the originiil tract itself, the question fies open to a refinement on one or two of the details. The Silva Caledonia of Ptolemy Ues north of th« CaledofUi, i. e. north of Loch Ness, &c But this is a coontry in the heart of the gneiss, where forests can scarcely hare existed, except so fiur as there is a tract of the old red sandstone immediately to the north of Inverness. The tme forest can scarcely have lain north of a line drawn firom the month of the Clyde to Stonehaven — this heing the southern limit of the barren and treeless gneiss. Agun — though this is a mere point of detail — Loch Linhe may be a better equivalent to the Sinus Lelamnonius than Loch Fyne. Caledonia, then, was in its general sense a political term, denoting the part of Albion north of AgricoU's boundary. Beyond this, the Koman remains are next to none. ^See Wilson's Prehistoric Annah of Scotland.) How far does the following passage in Tacitus {Agric. II) suggest an ethnoloffical signification as well ? — " Rutilae Caledoniam habitantium comae, magni artus Germanicum originem adseverant." In the first place, the German origin is an infer mce — the yoc^ being the large littibs and the sandy hair. The interpretation of this passage is to be collected from its context in the Agricola, and from the eth- nological principles that guided Tacitus, as col- lect^ fixim the Germania. The chief distinctive character of the German was his want of towns, and, at the same time, his settled habitations. The one separated him from the Gaul, the other from the Sarmatian. Where each occurred there was, quoad hocj a German characteristic. Now there were fewer towns in North than in South Britain. This directed the attention of the historian towards Germany. Then, there were the limbs and hair. What was this worth? The Britons were not small men; so that if there were a notable dif- ference in favour of the Caledonians, the latter must have been gigantic. Their military prowess, pro- bably, magnified their stature. Nor yet were the Britons dark. The Silurians, who were so, are treated as exceptional. Hence their stature and complexion are mere questions of more or less. The combination of these facts should guard us against too hastily denying the Keltic origin of even the most Caledonian of the Caledonians. Whether they were Britons or Gaels, is noticed under Picn, Scon. Probably they were Britons. The previous view &vours the derivation from Cale- don ssforestf as opposed to Called = Thistle stalk. The further the Romans went north the ruder they found the manners. XiphiHnus, speaking after Dion Cassius, thus describes the cliief tribes :— "Among the Britons," (chserve, this name is con- tinued beyond the wall), ^* the two greatest tribes are the Caledonii and Meatae; for even the names of the others may be said to be merged in these. The Meatae dwell close to the wall — the Cale- donians beyond them — having neither walls, nor cities, nor tilth, but living by pasturage, by the chase, and on certain berries ; for of their fish they never taste. They live in tents, naked and bare- footed, having wives in common. Their state is demo- cratical. They figlit from chariots: their arms consist of a shield and a short sjiear with a brazen knob at the extremity: they use daggers also." (Ixxvi. 12.)^ For the chief populations of Caledonia, in the wider sense of the term, and for the history of the comjtry, see Britanki4S4 > ." [li* G. L.] CALES. 479 CALEXA (KaXiiXtf), a place in Apulia, men- tioned only by Polybius (iii. 101), who tells us that Minucius encamped there, when Hannibal had established himself at Gerunium. He calls it &Kpa, by which he probably means a " castellum," or small fortified town, and tells us it was in the territory of Larinum ; but its exact position cannot be ascertained. It appears from his narrative to have been somewhat more than 16 stadia from Gerunium. [E. H. B.] CALENTES AQUAE. [Aquae Calidae.] CALENTUM (prob. CazaUa near Alaniz), a town of Hispania Baetica, famous for its manufac- ture of a sort of tiles liglit enough to swim on water (Plin. XXXV. 14. s. 49; Vitruv. ii. 3; comp. Strab. xiii. p. 615; Schneider, ad Eclog. Phys. p. 88; Caro, Antig. iii. 70). It is supposed to be the city of the Collenses Emanici, mentioned by Pl'my (iii. 1. 8. 3). [P. S.] CALES (Kdris: Eth, Kdknvos, Calenus: Calm)^ one of the most considerable cities of Campania, si- tuated in the northern part of that province, on the rood from Teanum to Casilinum. (Strab. v. p. 237.) When it first appeara in history it is called an Au- sonian city (Liv. viii. 16): and was not included in Campania in the earlier and more restricted sense of that term. [Campania.J Its antiquity is attested by Virgil, who associates the people of Cales with their neighbours the Aurunci and the Sidicini. (^Aen, vii. 728.) Silius Italicus ascribes its foundation to Calais the son of Boreas, (viii. 514.) In b.c. 332, ^e inhabitants of Cales are first mentioned as taking up arms against the Romans in conjunction with their neighbours the Sidicini, but with httle success; they were easily defeated, and their city taken and occupied with a Roman garrison. The conquest was, however, deemed worthy of a triumph, and the next year was further secured by the establish- ment of a colony of 2,500 citizens with Latin rights. (Liv. viii. 16; Veil. Pat i. 14; Fast. Triumph.) From this time Cales became one of the strongholds of the Roman power in this part of Italy, and though its territory was repeatedly ravaged both by the Samnites, and at a later period by Hannibal, no at- tempt seems to have been made upon the city itself. (Liv. X. 20, xxii. 13, 15, xxiii. 31, &c.) It, how- ever, suflfered so severely from the ravages of the war that in b. c. 209 it was one of the twelve colonies which declared their inability to furnish any further supplies of men or money (Liv. xxvii. 9), and was in consequence punished at a later period by the imposition of heavier contributions. (Id. xxix. 15.) In tlie days of Cicero it was evidently a flourishing and populous town, and for some reason or other enjoyed the special favour and protection of the great orator. (Cic. de Leg. Agr. ii. 31, ad Fam, ix. 13, (u2 Att. vii. 14, &c.) He terms it a Muni- cipium, and it retained the same rank under the Roman Empire (Tac. ^nn. vi. 15; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9): its contumed prosperity is attested by Strabo, who calls it a considerable city, though inferior to Teanum (v. p. 237 ; Ptol. iii. 1. § 68), as well as by inscriptions and existing remains: but no further mention of it occura in history. It was the birth- place of M. Vinicius, the son-in-law of Gerraanicus, and patron of Velleius Paterculus. ( Tac. /. c.) Cales was situated on a branch of the Via Latina, which led from Teanum direct to Casilinum, and there joined the Appian Way : it was rather more tlian five miles distant from Teanum, and above seven from Casilinum. Its prosperity was owing, in great