Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/495

 CALATlBt • 2. A city of Campania, situated on the Appian Way, between Capua and Beneventum. (Strab. v. p. 249, Ti. p. 203.) Strabo's precise testimony on this point is confirmed by the Tab. Pent, which places it six miles from Capua, as well as by Appian (A C iii. 40), who speaks of Calatia and Casiliuum as two towns on the opposite sides of Capua. There is, therefore, no doubt of the existence of a Campanian town of the name, quite distinct from that N. of the Vultumus, and this is confirmed by the exist&ice of ruins at a place still called le Galazze, about half way between Caserta and Mad- dalonL (Holsten. Not ad Cluver. p. 268!; Pelle- grini, DUcorti delta Campania, vol. i. p. 372 ; Ko- manelli, vol. iii. p. 588.) The following historical notices evidently relate to this city. In b.c. 216, the Atellani and Calatini are mentioned as revolting to Hannibal after the battle of Cannae (Li v. xxii. 61): but in B.C. 211, both cities were again reduced to submission, and severely punished by the Romans for their defection. Shortly afterwards the inhabitants of Atclla were compelled to remove to Calatia. (Liv. xxvi. 16, 34, zxvii. 3.) The latter appears, again, to have taken an active part in the Social War, and was punished for this by Sulla, who incorporated it with the ter- ritory of Capua, as a dependency of that city. But it was restored to independence by Caesar, and a colony of veterans established there, who after his death were among the first to espouse the cause of Octavian. (Lib. Colon, p. 232; Appian, B. C iii. 40; Cic. ad AU. xvi. 8; Veil. Pat ii. 61; Zumpt, de Colon. pp. 252, 296.) Strabo speaks of it as a town still fioorishing in his time, and its continued municipal existence is attested by inscriptions, as well as by Pliny (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9 ; Grutcr. fnscr. p. 59. 6); but it must have subsequently fallen into decay, as not- withstanding its position on the Via Appia, the name is omitted by two out of the three Itineraries. It was probably, therefore, at this time a mere village: the period of its final extinction is unknown ; but a church of S. Maria ad Calatiam is mentioned in ecclesiastical records as late as the 12th century. (Pellegrini, I. c. p. 374.) [E. H. B.] CALATUM. [Galatum.! CALAURKIA (KaXavpua: Eth. KaXavptlrns), a small island in the Saronic gulf opposite Pogon, the harbour of Troezen. It possessed an ancient temple of Poseidon, which was considered an invio- lable asylum; and this god is said to have received the island from Apollo in exchange for Delos. The temple was the place of meeting of an ancient Am- phictyony, consisting of the representatives of the seven cities of Hermione, Epidaurus, Aegina, Athens, Prasiae, Naupliai and Orchomenus of Boeotia: the place of Nauplia was subseijuently repre.scnted by Argos, and that «)f Prasiae by Sparta. (Strab. viii. p. 374; Pans. ii. 33. § 2.) It was in tliis temple that Demosthenes took re- fnge when pursued by the emissaries of Antipater, and it was here that he put an end to his life by poison. The inhabitants of Calaureia erected a statue to the great orator within the peribolus of the temple, and paid divine honours to him. (Strab. Paos. //. cc; Plut. Dem. 29, seq.; Lucian, Encom, JJem. 28, Keq.) Strabo says (viii. pp. 369, 373), that Calaureia was 30 stadia in circuit, and was separated from the continent bv a strait of four stadia. Pausnnias (/. £.) mentions a second island in the immediate TJciflity named SniAEUiAj afterwards Uiera, con- CALEDOXIA. 477 taining a temple of Athena Apaturia, and separated from the mainland by a strait so narrow and shallow that there was a passage over it on foot. At present there is only one island; but as this island consists of two hilly peninsulas united by a nan-ow sandbank, we may conclude with Leake that this bank is of recent formation, and that the present island com- prehends what was formerly the two islands of Ca- laureia and Hiera. It is now called Poro, or the ford, because the narrow strait is fordable, as it was In ancient times. The remains of the temple of Poseidon were dis- covered by Dr. Chandler in 1765, near the centre of the island. He found here a small Doric temple, reduced to an inconsiderable heap of ruins; and even most of them have since been carried oflf for building purposes. (Chandler, Travels, vol. ii. p. 261 ; Leake, Moreoj vol. ii. p. 450, seq.; Ross, Wandertm^en in Griechenland, vol. ii. p. 5, seq.) CALBIS. [Indus.] CALCAlilA, a place in southern Gallia, on the road from Marseille to Fossae Marianae or Foz-leS' Martiffues, 14 M. P. fzvm Massilia, and 34 from Fossae Marianae. This road must have run irom Marseille round the Etang de Berre, and the dis- tances lead us to place Calcaria at the ford of the Cadiere, 14 M. P. from Marseille, [G. L.] CALCA'RIA, in Britain, distant, in the second Itinerary, 9 miles from Eburacum (York), The termination -caster, the presence of Roman remains, and the geological condition of the country, all point to the present town of Tadauter, as tlie modem equivalent So does the distance. Newton Kyme, a little higher up the river, has by some writers been preferred: the general opinion, however, favours Tadcaster. [R. G. L.] CALCUA. [Nalcua.] CALE or CALEM {Porto or Oporto), a city on the S. border of Gallaecia, in Spain, on the N. side of the Durius (Dowo) near its mouUi ; and on the high road from Olisipo to Brncnra Augusta, 35 M. P. south of the latter place. (Sallust. ap. Serv. ad Virg. Aen. vii. 728, reading Gallaecia for Gallia; Itin. Ant. p. 421 ; Florez, Esp. S. xxi. 5, xiv. 70.) It may possibly be the Caladunim (KoAciSovi'ov) of Ptolemy, the termination denoting its situation on a hill (ii. 6. § 39). Though thus barely mentioned by ancient writers, its pobition must early have made it a considerable port ; so that it came to be called Partus Cale, whence the name of Portugal has been derived. The modem city 0-Porto (i. c. the Port) stands a little E. of the site of Cale, which is believed to be occupied by the market town of Gaya. [P. S.] CALE-ACTE (KaX)? 'A/rri^: E(h. KaXoKrlrrii, KoAooiCTiTf^s, KaaKTa7os, KaKodxrios, Stcph. B.: Akte), a city on the W. coast of Crete, whose domain was probably bounded on the N. by the Phalasamian, and on the W. and S. by the Polyrrhenian territory. A district called Akte, in the region of Mesoghia, htts been identifieii with it. (Pashley, Trav. vol. ii. p. 57.) This place has been by some commentators on the New Testament confounded with the Fair Havens (KoAol Atfi4vfs), to which St. Paul came in his voyage to Italy (Acts, xxvii. 8), and which is situated on the S. of the island. (Hocck, Kreta, voL i. p. 440.) [E. B. J.] CALEDO'NIA {Eth. Cale<limiu8), the nortljcm part of Britannia. The name is variously derived. In the present Welsh, celydd = a slieltered place, a retreat, ^ woodg skelter (see Owen's Diet.), the