Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/490

 472 CAINASi PitUj 8, M. Ant. 19.) The ruins of their palace are said to be still known by the name of // Faus- Hffnano. Besides Uiese, there are extant at Gaeta the remains of a teTii{)le supposed to have been dedi- cated to Serapis, and those of an aqueduct. But the most interesting monument of antiquity remaining there is the sepulchre of L. Munatius Plancus, a circular structure much resembling the tomb of Caccilia Metella near Rome, which crowns the sum- mit of one of the two rocky hills that constitute the headland of Gaeta, and is vulgarly known as the Torre dOrlando. It is in excellent preservation, and retains its inscription uninjured. (Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 425; Uoare's Classical Tour^ vol. i. pp. 125—127.) The inscription is given by Orelli (590). From extant vestiges it appears that a branch of the Appiau Way quitted the main line of that road near Formiae, and led from thence to Caieta. [E. H. B.] CAINAS (KatVcif: Cane)., a navigable river of India intra Gangem, falling into the Ganges from the south, according to Arrian (/fi<^. 4) and Pliny (vi. 17. s. 21), though it really falls into the Jumna, [P. S.] CALA'BRIA (KaXaipia) was the name given by the Romans to the peninsula which forms the SB. promontory, or, as it has been frequently called, the hed of Italy, the same which was termed by the Greeks Mbssapia or Iapygia. The use of these appellations seems indeed to have been sufficiently vague and fluctuating. But, on the whole, it may be remarked that the name of Iapygia, — which appears to have been the one first known among the Greeks, and probably in early times the only one, — was applied by them not only to the peninsula itself, but to the whole S£. portion of Italy, from the fron- tiers of Lucania to the promontory of Garganus, thus including the greater part of Apulia, as well as Cala- bria. (Scyl. § 14, p. 170 ; Pol. iii. 88.) Herodotus ap- pears to have certainly consider.^d Apulia as part of Iapygia (iv. 99), but has no distinguisJiing name for the peninsula itself. Neither he nor Thucydides ever use Measapia for the name of the country, but they both mention the Mestapians^ as a tribe or nation of the native inhabitants, to wh>m they apply the general name of lapygians ('I^ir.rv€t Meaacl- xioi. Her, vii. 170; Thuc^ vii. 33). Polybiua and Strabo, on the contrary, use Messapia for the penin- sula only, as distinguished from the adjoining coun- tries ; but the former reckons it a part of Iapygia, while the latter, who cm^Joys the Roman name of Apulia for the land of the Peucetians and Daunians, considers Iapygia and Messa])ia as synonymous. (Pol. iii. 88; Stnib. vi. pp. 277, 282.) Antiochus of Syracuse aUo, »,•* cited by Strabo (p. 279), as well as the pretended oracle introduced by him in his narrative, 8]x.'aks of lapygians as dwelling in the neighbourhtMx.1 of Tarciitum. At a later peritxi we find the inhabitants of this district divided into two triljes ; the Sai.lentixi, who occupied the country near the lapy^inu Promontory, and from thence along the southern coa.st of the peninsula towards Tarcntum ; and the Calabui, who appear to have been certainly identical with the Messapians of the Greeks, and are mentioned by that name on the first occasion in which they appear in Roman his- tory. (Fast. Capit. ap. Gruter. p. 297.) They inhabited the northern half and interior of the penin- sula, extending to the confines of the Peucetians, and "Were evidently the most pt)werful of the two tribes, on which account the name of Calabria came to be gradually adopted by the Romans as the appellation CALABRIA. of the whole district, in the same manner as that of Messa[)ia was by the Greeks. This usage was firmly established before the days of Augustus. (Liv. xxiii. 34, xlii. 48 : MeU, ii. 4 ; Strab. vi. p. 282 ; Hor. Carm. i.31. 5.) Calabria as thus defined was limited on the west by a line drawn from sea to sea, beginning on the Gulf of Tarentum a little to the W. of that city, and stretching acntss the peninsula to the coast of the Adriatic between Egnatia and Brundusium. (Strab. vi. p. 277.) It thus comprised nearly the same extent with the modem province called Terra di Otranto. But the boundary, not being defined by any natural features, cannot be fixed with pre- cision, and probably for administrative purposes varied at different times. Thus we find Frontinus including in the " Provinda Calabriae " sevenil cities of the Peucetians which would, according to the above line of demarcation, belong to Apulia, and appear, in fiict, to have been commonly so reckoned. (Lib. Colon, p. 261 ; and see Apulia, p. 164.) The same remark applies to Pliny's list of the '* Cala- brorum mediterrana" (iii. 11. s. 16), and it is in-- deed probable that the Calabri or Messapians ori- ginally extended further to the W. than the arbitrary limit thus fixed by geographers. Strabo appears to have considered the isthmus (as he calls it) between Brundusium and Tarentum as much more strongly marked by nature Uian it really is ; he states its breadth at 310 stadia, which is less than the true distance between the two dties^ but considerably mor« than the actual breadth, if measured in a direct line from sea to sea ; which does not exceed 25 G. miles or 250 stadia. This is, however, but little inferior to the average breadth of the province, which would indeed be more properly termed a great promontory than a peninsula strictly so called. The whole space comprised between this boundary line on the W. and the lapygian promontory is very unifonn in its physical characters. It contains no mountains, and scarcely any hills of considerable elevation; the range of rugged and liilly country which traverses the southern part of Apulia only occupying a small ti-act in the extreme NW. of Calabria, about the modem towns of Ottuni and Ceylie. From hence to the lapygian Promontory (the Capo di Leitca) there is not a single eminence of any consequence, the whole space being occupied by broad and gently un- dulating hills of very small elevation, so that the town of Oria^ which stands on a hill of moderate height near the irentrc of the peninsula, commands an uninterrupted view to the sea on both sides. (Swinburne, Travels., vol. i. pp. 210, 211; Craven, Travels^ p. 164.) Hence Virgil has justly de- scribed the approach to Italy from this side as pre- senting " a low coiist of dusky hills." (O&scttroa collea humilemque Italiam., Aen. iii. 522.) The soil is almost entirely calcareous, consisting of a sofl tertiary limestone, which readily absorbs all the moisture that falls, so that not a single river and scarcely even a rivulet is to be found in the whole province. Yet, notmtstanding its aridity, and the bunung heat of the climate in summer, the country is one of great feilility, and is described by Strabo as having been once veiy populous and flourishing; though much decayed in his day from its former prosj)erity. Its soil is cspcially adapted for the growth of olives, for which it was celebrated in an- cient as well as modem times : but it pr(xiuc«d also excellent wines, as well as fruit of various kinds in great abundance, and honey and wool of the finest