Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/488

 470 CAESAREIA. nmd from Smyrna to Constantinople. The place was probably a Cacsarea, but it is not within the limits of Biihjnia. (Leake, Atia Minor j p> 271, and map.) 3. Ad Anazaubum. [Anazabbus.] [G.L.] 4. A maritime city of Palestine, founded by Herod the Great, and named Caesarcia in honoar of Caesar Augustus. Its site was formerly occu- pied by a town named Tunis Stratonis, which, when enlarged and adorned with white marble pa- laces and other buildings, was not unworthy of the august name that was conferred upon it. Chief among its wonders was the harbour, constructed where before there had been only an open roadstead on a dangerous coast. It was in size equal to the renowned Peiraeeus, and was secured against the prevalent south-west winds by a mole or breakwater of massive construction, formed of blocks of stone of more than 50 feet in length, by 18 in width, and 9 in tliickness, sunk in water 20 fathoms deep. It was 200 feet in length, one half of which was ex- posed to the violence of the waves. The remainder was adorned with towers at certain intervals, and laid out in vaults which formed hostehnes for the sailors, in front of which was a ternioe walk com- manding a view of the whole harbour, and forming an agreeable promenade. The entrance to the harbour was on the north. The city constructed of polished stone encircled the harbour. It was fur- nished with an agora, a praetorium, and other public buildings; and conspicuous on a mound in the midst, rose a temple of Caesar, with statues of the emperor and of the imperial city. A rock-hewn theatre, and a spacious circus on the south of the harbour, commanding a fine sea view, completed the adornment of this pagan monument of Herod's tem- porising character, on which he had spent twelve years of zealous and uninterrupted exertion, and enormous sums of money. (Joseph. Ant. xv. 10. § 6, AXi. 21. §§6— 7.) These great works, but especially its commodious harbour, soon raised Caesareia to the dignity of a metropolis (** caput Palaestinae," Tacit. Hist. ii. 79), and it is so recognised, not only in the early annals of the Christian Church, but in the civil history of that period. It was the .principal seat of goveni- mcnt to the Roman praefects and to the titular kings of Judaea, and the chief ;;)art of its inhabitants were Syrians, although there was now a Jewish commu- nity found there, which had not been the case at an earlier period of its history as Strato's Tower. (^Ant. XX. 7. §§ 7, 9.) Its name underwent another change, and Pliny (v. 14) happily identifies the three names with the one site. ** Stratonis turris, eadem Caesanea, ab Hcrode rcge condita: nunc culonia prima Flavia, a Vespasiano Imperatore deducta." But it still re- tained its ancient name and title in the Ecclesiastical records, as the metropolitan see of the First Pales- tine; and was conspicuous for the constancy of ite martyrs and confessors in the various persecutions of the Church, but especially in the last. (Euscb. //. JtJ. viii. sub fin.) It is noted also as the see of the Father of Ecclesiastical History, and the principal seat of his valuable literary labours. It was a place of considerable importance during the oocujHition of the Holy Land by the Crusaders, as one stronghold along the line of coast, and it fihared the various fortunes of the combatants with- out materially affecting them. This once famous site, j)rincipally interesting as CAESENA. the place where " the door of faith was first opened to the Gentiles," is still marked by extensive ruins, situated where Josephus would teach us to look for them, halfway between Dora (^Tantura) and Joppa (Jaffa)^ — retaining, in an Arabic form, the Greek name given it by Herod. The line of wall and the dr)' ditch of the Crusaders' town may be clearly traced along their whole extent ; but the ancient city was more extensive, and faint traces of its walls may be still recovered in parts. The ruins have served as a quarry for many generations, and the houses and fortifications of Jaffa^ Acre^ Sidon^ and even of Beirout, have been built or repaired with stones from this ancient site. Enough, however, still remains to at- test the fidelity of the Jewish historian, and to witness its former magnificence, especially in the massive frag- ments of its towers and the substructions of its mole, over which nuy now be seen the prostrate columns of costly pillars of granite, porphyry, and various marbles, which once formed the portico of its ter- raced walk. (See Traill's Josephus^ voL i. p. 49, &c.) Conspicuous in the midst of the ruins, <m a levelled platform, are the substructions of the Cathedral of the Crusaders, which doubtless occupied the site of the Pagan temple described by Josephus. [G. W.] CAEISAREIA PHILIPPI. [Paneas.] CAESARELA, DIO [Sepphoris.] CAESARODU'NUM {Kaurap^^vvov, Ptol. : Tow$ the chief town of the Turones or Turoni, a Celtic people in the basin of the Loire. Caesar mentions the Turones, but names no t6wn. It is first mentioned by Ptolemy; and the same name, Caesarodunum, occurs in the Table; but it is called in the Notitia of the provinces of Gallia " civitas Turonorum," whence die modem name of Tours. The identity of Caesarodunum and Tours is proved by the four roads to this pkce from Bourges^ Poitiers, Orleans, and Angers. The modem town is on the south bank of the Loire, and the ancient town seems to have been on the same site, though this opinion is not universally received. There are no Roman remains at Tours, except, it is said, some fragments of the ancient walls. [G. L.] C AESARO'MAGUS (K.(Ucap6twrfos, Ptol. : Beati^ vais), the capital of the Belgic people, the Bellovaci. Its position at Beauvais agrees with the determina- tions of the Antonine Itin. and the Table. In the Notitia of the Gallic provinces the " civitas Bellova- coram " belongs to Belgica Secunda. In the middle ages the name was Belvacus or Belvacum, whence, by an ordinary corruption in the French language, comes Beauvais. As to its identity with Brattis- pantium, see that article. [G. L.] CAESARO'MAGUS, in Britain, is, in the fit^h Itinerary, the first station from London (from which it is distant 28 miles) on the road to Lugnballium {Carlisle), tfid Colonia {Colchester or Maldoh). Writtle, near Chelmsford, about 25 miles from Lon- don, best coincides with this measurement. In the ninth Itinerary, the same Caesaromagus, 12 miles from Canonium, is 16 from Durolitum, which is itself 15 from London, — in all 31. This indicates a second road. Further remarks upon this subject are made under Colokia. [R. G. L.] CAESE'NA (Kaiariya, Strab.; Koitraii'a, I>tol.: Eth. Cacsenas, utis : Cesend), a considerable town of Gallia Cispadana, situated on the Via Aemilia, 20 miles from Aiiminum, and on the right bank of the small river Sapis (5atno). (Strab. v. p. 21 6; Plin. iii. 1.5. 8. 20; Ptol. in. 1. §46; Itin. Ant. pp. 100, 126.) An incidental mention of its name m Cicero