Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/45

 modern geographers, but we must not expect great accuracy in the use of the term. Ptolemy, who also represents the Rhine as rising in Mt. Adula, says nothing of the Addua; but erroneously describes this part of the Alps as that when the chain alters its main direction from N. to E. (Strab. iv. pp. 192, 204, v. p. 213: Ptol. ii. 9. § 5, iii. 1. § 1.)

 ADU'LE or ADU'LIS (, Ptol. iv. 7. § 8, viii. 16 § 11; Arrian. Peripl.; Eratosth. pp. 2, 3;, Steph. B. s. v.; , Joseph. Antiq. a. 5; Procop. B. Pers. i. 19; oppidum adoulition, Plin. H. N. vi. 29. s. 34: Eth. , Ptol. iv. 8; Adulita, Plin. l. c.: Adj. ), the principal haven and city of the Adulitae, a people of mixed origin in the regio Troglodytica, situated on a bay of the Red Sea called Adulicus Sinus (, Annesley Bay), Adule is the modern Thulla or Zulla, pronounced, according to Mr. Salt, Azoole, and stands in lat, 15° 35' N. Ruins are said to exist there. D'Anville, indeed, in his Map of the Red Sea, places Adule at Arkeeko on the same coast, about 22° N. of Thulla. According indeed to Cosmas, Adule was not immediately on the coast, but about two miles inland. It was founded by fugitive slaves from the neighbouring kingdom of Egypt, and under the Romans was the haven of Azume. Adule was an emporium for hides (river-horse and rhinoceros), ivory (elephant and rhinoceros tusks) and tortoise-shell. It had also a large slave-market, and was a caravan station for the trade of the interior of Africa. The apes which the Roman ladies of high birth kept as pets, and for which they often gave high prices, came principally from Adule. At Adule was the celebrated Monumentum Adulitamam, the inscription of which, in Greek letters, was, in the 6th century of the Christian era, copied by Cosmas the Indian merchant (Indicopleustes; see Dict. of Biog. art Cosmas) into the second book of his "Christian Topography". The monument is a throne of white marble, with a slab of some different stone behind it. Both throne and slab seem to have been covered with Greek characters. Cosmas appears to have put two inscriptions into one, and thereby occasioned no little perplexity to learned men. Mr. Salt's discovery of the inscription at Axume, and the contents of the Adulitan inscription itself, show that the latter was bipartite. The first portion is in the third person, and records that Ptolemy Euergetes (B.C. 247 — 222) received from the Troglodyte Arabs and Aethiopians certain elephants which his father, the second king of the Macedonian dynasty, and himself, had taken in hunting in the region of Adule, and trained to war in their own kingdom. The second portion of the inscription is in the first person, and commemorates the conquests of an anonymous Aethiopian king in Arabia and Aethiopia, as far as the frontier of Egypt. Among other names, which we can identify with the extant appellations of African districts, occurs that of the most mountainous region in Abyssinia, the Semenae, or Samen, and that of a river which is evidently the Astaboras or Tacazzé, a main tributary of the Nile. The Adulitan inscription is printed in the works of Cosmas, in the ''Collect. Nov. Patr. et Script. Graec. by Montfaucon, pt. ii pp. 113—546; in Chisull's Antiq. Anal.; and in Fabrictus, Bibl. Graec.'' iv. p. 245. The best commentary upon it is by Buttmann, ''Mus. der Alterthumsw''. ii. 1. p. 105.

 ADULI'TAE. [.]

 ADYRMA'CHIDAE, a people of N. Africa, mentioned by Herodotus as the first Libyan people W. of Egypt. (Herod, iv. 168.) Their extent was from the frontier of Egypt (that is, according to Herodotus, from the Sinus Plinthinetes (ii. 6), but according to Scylax (p. 44, Hudson), from the Canopic mouth of the Nile), to the harbour of Plynos, near the Catabathmus Major. Herodotus distinguishes them from the other Libyan tribes in the E. of N. Africa, who were chiefly nomade (iv. 191), by saying that their manners and customs resembled those of the Egyptians (iv. 168). He also mentions some remarkable usages which prevailed amongst them (l. c.). At a later period they are found further to the S., in the interior of Marmarica. (Ptol.; Plin. v. 6; Sil. Ital. iii. 278, foll., ix. 223, foll.)

 AEA. [.]

 AEACE'UM. [.]

 AEA'NTIUM (: Trikeri, a promontory in Magnesia in Thessaly, forming the entrance to the Pagasaean bay. According to Ptolemy there was a town of the same name upon it. Its highest summit was called Mt. Tisaeum. (Plin. iv. 9. s. 16; Ptol. iii. 13. § 16; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 397.) [.]

 AEAS. [.]

<section end="AEAS" /> <section begin="AEBURA" />AEBU'RA (: Eth. : prob. Cuerva), a town of the Carpetani, in Hispania Tarraconensis (Liv. xi. 30; Strab. ap. Steph. B. s. v.), probably the of Ptolemy (ii. 6). Its name appears on coins as Aipora and Apora. (Mionnet, vol. i. p. 55, Supp. vol. i. pp. 111, 112).

<section end="AEBURA" /> <section begin="AECAE" />AECAE (: Eth. Aecanus: Troja), a town of Apulia mentioned both by Polybius and Livy, during the military operations of Hannibal and Fabius in that country. In common with many other Apulian cities it had joined the Carthaginians after the battle of Cannae, but was recovered by Fabius Maximus in B.C. 214, though not without a regular siege. (Pol. iii. 88 ; Liv. xxiv. 20.) Pliny also enumerates the Aecani smong the inland towns of Apulia (iii. 11); but its position is more clearly determined by the Itineraries, which place it on the Appian Way between Equus Tuticus and Herdonia, at a distance of 18 or 19 miles from the latter city. (Itin. Ant. p. 116; Itin. Hier. p. 610; the Tab. Peut. places it between Equus Tuticus and Luceria, but without giving the distances.) This interval exactly accords with the position of the modern city of Troja, and confirms the statements of several chroniclers of the middle ages, that the latter was founded about the beginning of the eleventh century, on the ruins of the ancient Aecae. Cluverius erroneously identified Aecae with Accadia, a village in the mountains S. of Bovino; but his error was rectified by Holstenius. Troja is an episcopal see, and a place of some consideration; it stands on a hill of moderate elevation, rising above the fertile plain of Puglia, and is 9 miles S. of Lucera, and 14 SW. of Foggia. (Holsten. Not. tn Cluver. p. 271; Romanelli, vol. ii. p. 227; Giustaniani, Diz. Geogr. vol. ix. p. 260.)

<section end="AECAE" /> <section begin="AECULANUM" />AECULA'NUM, or AECLA'NUM (, Appian, Ptol.: Eth. Aecnlanus, Plin.; but the contracted form Aeclanus and Aeclanensis is the only one found in inscriptions: — the reading Aeculanum in Cic. ad Att. xvi. 2, is very uncertain: — later inscriptions and the Itineraries write the name ), a city of Samnium, in the territory of the Hirpini, is correctly placed by the Itinerary of Antoninus on the Via Appia, 15 Roman miles from Reneventum. (Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Ptol. iii 1. § 71; Itin. Ant. p<section end="AECULANUM" />