Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/326

  Paus. i. 1. § 4 ; Dem. de Coron. p. 222, Reinke; Lys. c. Agorat. pp. 460, 463, Reinke.) Near the preceding, and probably also within the fortress, was the Bendideium, or temple of the Thracian Artemis Bendis, whose festival, the Bendideia, was celebrated on the day before the lesser Panathenses. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. § 11; Plat. de Rep. i. pp. 327, 354.) On the western slope of the hill was the Dionysiac theatre, facing the great harbour: it must have been of considerable size, as the assemblies of the Athenian people were sometimes held in it. (Thuc. viii. 93; Xen. Hell. ii. 4. § 32: Lys. c. Agorat. pp. 464, 479; comp. Dem. ''de Fals. Leg. p. 379.) It was in this theatre that Socrates saw a performance of one of the plays of Euripides, (Aelian, V. H.'' ii. 13.) Some modern writers distinguish between the theatre at Munychia and another in Peiraeeus; but the ancient writers mention only one theatre in the peninsula, called indifferently the Peiraic or the Munychian theatre, the latter name being given to it from its situation upon the hill of Munychia. The ruins near the harbour of Zea, which were formerly regarded as those of the Peiraic theatre, belonged probably to another building.

The proper agora of Peiraeeus was called the Hippodameian Agora, to distinguish it from the Macra Stoe, which was also used as an agora. The Hippodameian Agora was situated near the spot where the two Long Walls joined the wall of Peiraeeus; and a broad street led from it up to the citadel of Munychia. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. § 11; Andoc. de Myst. p. 23, Reinke; Dem. c. Timoth. p. 1190.)

At the entrance to the great harbour there was on the right hand the promontory Alcimus. On the left hand the promontory Eetionia (, or ). On Alcimus stood the tomb of Themistocles, whose bones are said to have been brought from Magnesia in Asia Minor, and buried at this place. (Plut. Them. 33; Paus. i. 1. § 2}. EetioniS was a tongue of land commanding the entrance to the harbour; and it was here that the Four Hundred in B.C. 411 erected a fort, in order to prevent more effectually the entrance of the Athenian fleet, which was opposed to them. (Thuc. viii. 90; Dem. c. Theocr. p. 1343; Harpocrat., Suid., Steph. B. s. v. .) The small bay on the outer side of the promontory was probably the mentioned by Xenophon. (Hell. ii. 4. § 31.)

The buildings around the shore of the great harbour have been already mentioned. Probably behind the Macra Sloa was the temenus of Zeus and Athena, which Pausanias (i. 1. § 3) mentions as one of the most remarkable objects in Peiraeeus, and which is described by other writers as the temple of Zeus Soter. (Strab. ii. p.396; Liv. xxxi. 30; Plin. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. § 14.) Phreattys, which was one of the courts of justice for the trial of homicides, was situated in Peiraeeus; and as this court is described indifferently or, it must be placed either in or near the harbour of Zea. The accused pleaded their cause on board ship, while the judges sat upon the shore. (Paus. i. 28. § 11; Dem. c, Aristocr. p. 645; Pollux, viii. 120; Becker, Anecd. Graec. i. p. 311.)

Peiraeeus never recovered from the blow inflicted upon it by its capture by Sulla, who destroyed its fortifications and arsenals. So rapid was its decline that in the time of Strabo it bad become "a small village, situated around the ports and the temple of Zeus Soter." (Strab. ii. p. 395.)

The most important work on the Topography of Athens is Col. Leake's Topography of Athens, London, 1841, 2nd edition. In common with all other writers on the subject, the writer of the present article is under the greatest obligations to Col. Leake, although be has had occasion to differ from him on some points. The other modern works from which most assistance have been derived are Forchhammer, Topographie von Athen, in Kieler Philologische Studien, Kiel, 1841; Kruse, Hellas, vol. ii, pt. i., Leipzig, 1856; K. O. Muller, art. Attica in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopadie, vol. vi, translated by Lockhart, London, 1842; Wordsworth, Athens and Attica, London, 1836; Stuart and Revett, Antiquities of Athens, London, 1763—1816, 4 vols., fo. (2nd ed. 1825—1827); Dodwell, Tour through Greece, vol. i., London, 1819; Prokesch, Denkwurdigkeiten, &c., vol. ii., Stuttgart, 1836; Mure, Journal of a Tour in Greece, vol. ii. Edinburgh, 1842.

 ATHENAEON ('A»i)n^i Siidat or SagAgaf} also called ** a harbour of the Scytbotanri," waa a port on the sooth coast tf Ihe Tanric CbersouesDS. (Anon, Ptripl, p. 6.)

 ATHENAEUM ('A«i|nu»). 1. A fortress in the S. of Arcadia, and in the leiritoiy of U^a- lopolis, is descriliel by Plntarcfa as a podtion in advance of Ibe Lac«daemoDian frontier ^/tiSoKii Tqi AjuatriKJii), and near Bektnina, It was foitilied by Cleomema in b.c, 224, and was frequently tnken and retaken in the ware between the Achaean League and the Spartana. Leake supposes tint it occupied the summit of Uonnl Tambani, on which Ibere are aonw renuuns of an Hellenic fortress. Id that cue it nnist have been a difTercnt place from Ihe Atboueum mentioned by Pausanias on Ihe rood from Ue^ulopolis to Aaea, and 20 stadia from the latter. (Pint. Clioia. 4; Pol. ii. 46, 54, iv. 37, 60, Bl ; Pans, viij, 44. §§ 3, 3; Leake, PeJoponnenaca, p. 248.) 2. A fortress in Albamania in Epeirtia, described hy Liiy aa " fiiuboii Macedoniae eutgectum," and apparrntly near Gomphi. Leake placca it on a height, a little above the deserted village of Apdno Porta, or Porta Pamaglila.(Liv.iivm. I, aia.iii Leake, KarOeni Crwee, vol iv. pp. 813, 585.) ■/"

