Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/325

 ATHENAE. (iu.) Drtto or Fbrto Leontj the largest of the three harbours, was oommoolj called by the andents aiinpfy Pbzrakeus (ncipoie^s), or The Harboub (6 X/fufjr). It derives its modem name from a colossal Hon of white maible, which Spon and Wheler ob s eryed upon the beach, when thej yisited Athens; and which was carried to Venice, after the capture of Athens by the Venetians in 1687. Drdko is the name used by the modem Greeks, «incf S^Mhrwr, which originally meant only a serpent, now signifies a monster of any kind, and was hence applied to the marble lion, jlr It has been already statea that Leake and other writers, misled by a passage of the Scholiast on Aristophanes {Pac. 145), divided the harbour of Peineeos into three separate ports, named Can- thams, Aphrodisium, and Zea, but the words of the Scholiast warrant no such conclusion:" 6 Ileipcuci^f hitUma lxc< TfMiTi wiirras kk^urroiis' tXs fxkif b K»9dpmt Kifiriy — i» f rd yccipuu cTra rh A^po- Hatrnf tha jr^icAy rm XifUawt <rroa2 weWc. It is evident that the Scholiast does not intend to give the names of the three harbours of Peiraeeus ; but, after mentioning Cantharus, he proceeds to speak of the bnifclings in its immediate vicinity, of which the AphrodLnnm, a temple of Aphrodite, was one ; and then followed the five Stoae or Colonnades. Leake suf^nsed Zea to be the name of the bay atuated on the light hand after entering the harbour, Aphro- disium to be the name of the middle or great harbour, and Cantharus to be the name of the inner harbour, DOW filled up by alluvial deposits of the Cepblssus. It is, however, certain that the last-mentioned spot sever formed part of the harbour of Peiraeeus, since be t wee n this marsh and the harbour traces of the acncient wall have been discovered; and it is very probable that this marsh is the one called Halae (*AAaQ bj Xenophon. {HelL ii. 4. § 34.) The harbour of Peiraeeus appears to have been divided into only two parts. Of these, the smaller one, occapjing the bay to the right hand of the entrance to the harbour, was named Cantharus. It was the third of the Athenian harbours for ships of war, and contained 94 ship-houses. Probably upon the shores of the harbour of Cantharus the armoury (^ArKoBiiKTi) of Philo stood, containing arms for 1000 ships. (Strab. ix. p. 395 ; Plin. vii. 37. s. 38; Cic de OraL L 14; Vitmv. vii. Praef; Appion, MUhr, 41.) The renoainder of the harbour, being about two- tbixds of the whole, was called Emporium, and was appropriated to merchant vessels. (Timaens, Lex, PiaL ; Harpocrat. s. v. Aciy/ua.) The sur- nmndiiig diore, which was also called Emporium, eootuned the five Stoae or Colonnades mentioned above, all of which were probably appropriated to mercantile purposes. One of these was called the Uacra Stoa (jumpk 9to&), or the Long Colon- nade (Pans. L 1. § 3) ; a second was the Ddgma (Acryiaa), or place where merchants exhibited samples of their goods for sale (Harpocrat. s. v. Atryyia; SchoL ad Aristoph. EquiL 974; Dem. e. LaeriL p. 932) ; a third was the Alphltopolis ^'A^TowfivAAf), or Com-£xchange, said to have been boflt by Pericles (Schol. ad Aristoph. EquU. 547) : of the other two Stoae the names have not been preserved. Between the Stoae of the Em- porium and Cantharus stood the Aphrodislifln, or tcni|de of Aphrodite, built by Conon after his victory at Cmdns. (Pans. U e. ; Schol. ad Aristoph. Pac. I. e.y The limits of the Emporium towards Can- ATHENAE. 307 tharos were marked by a boundaiy stone disoovered m Mtef in 1843, and bearing the inscription: — EMHOPIO KAIHOAO H0P02, i. e., 'E/ivopfov Kol 6$ov 8pof. The forms of the letters, and the use of the H for the spiritus asper, prove that the inscription belongs to the period before the Pelopcnmesian war. The stone may have been erected upon the first foundation of Peiraeeus by Themistocles, or whoi the town was laid out regularly by Hippodamus m the time of Pericles. It probably stood in a street leading from the Em- porium to the docks of the harbour of Cantharus. 3. Topography q/* Munyehia and Peiraeeus. — The site (^ Munyehia, which was the Acropolis of Peiraeeus, has bc«n already ezpU&ined. Remains of its fortifications may still be seen on the top of the hill, now called C<uteUay above the harbour of Pha- ndri. From its position it commanded the whole of the Peiraic peninsula, and its three harbours {vno' irtvTowri 8* a^r^ AifieVcf rpcFs, Strab. iz. p. 395); and whoever obtained possession of this hill became master of the whole of Peiraeeus. Epimenides is said to have foreseen the importance of this position. (Plut Sol 12; Diog. Laert. i 114.) Soon after the close of the Peloponnesian war, the seizme of Munyehia by Thrasybulus and his party enabled them to cany on operations with success against the Thirty at Athens. (Xen. ffeU. ii. 4.) The successors of Alexander the Great kept a Macedonian garrison in Munyehia for a long period, and by this means secured the obedience of Athens. The first Macedonian garrison was placed in this fortress by Antipater after the defeat of the Greeks at Crannon, B. c. 322. (Paus. i. 25. § 4 ; Plut Dem. 28.) When Athens surrendered to Cassander, in B.c. 318, Munyehia was also garrisoned by the htter ; and it was by the support of these troops that Demetrius Phale- reus govoiied Athens for the next ten years. In b.c. 307 the Macedonians were expelled fixnn Munyehia by Demetrius Poliorcetes; but the latter, on his return from Asia in b. a 299, again placed a gar- rison in Munyehia, and in the Museium also. These garrisons were expelled from both fortresses by the Athenians, under Olympiodorus, when Demetrius was deprived of the Macedonian kingdom in b.c. 287. (Paus. L 25. § 4, seq., 26. § 1, seq. ; Diod. xviiL 48, 74, XX. 45 ; Plut. Demetr. 8, seq., 46, Phoc, 31, seq.) During the greater part of the reign of Antigonns and of his son Demetrios II., the Mace- donians had possession of Munyehia ; but soon after the death of Demetrius, Aratus purchased the de- parture of the Macedonian garrison by the pay- ment of a large sum of money. (Plut. Arai, 34 ; Paus. ii. 8. § 5.) Strabo (JL c.) speaks of the hill of Munyehia as ftdl of hollows and excavations, and well adapted for dwelling-houses. In the time of Strabo the whole of the Peiraeeus was in ruins, and the hollows to which he alludes were probably the remains of cisterns. The sides of the hill sloping down to the great harbour appear to have been covered with houses rising one i^ve another in the form of an amphitheatre, as in the city of Ehodes, which was laid out by the same architect| and was also celebrated for its beauty. Within the fortress of Munyehia was a temple of Artemis Munyehia, who was the guardian deity of this citadel. The temple was a celebrated place of asylum for state criminals. (Xen. HeU. ii. 4. § 11 : x2