Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/299

 (Paus. i. 28. § 2; comp. Herod. v.77.) With its pedestal it must have stood about 70 feet Ugh. Its position and colossal proportions an shown in an ancient coin of Athens figured below [p. 286], containing a rude representation of the Acropolis. It was still standing in 395, and is said to have frightened away Alaric when he came to sack the Acropolis. (Zosim. v. 6.) The exact site of this statue is now well ascertained, since the foundations of its pedestal have been discovered.

(ii.) A brazed Quadriga, dedicated from the spoils of Chalcis, stood on the left hand of a person, as he entered the Acropolis through the Propylaea. (Herod. v. 77; Paus. i. 28. § 2.)

(iii.) The Gigantomachia, a composition in sculpture, stood upon the southern or Cimonian wall, and just above the Dionysiac theatre; for Plutarch relates that a violent wind precipitated into the Dioaysiac theatre a Dionysus, which was one of the figures of the Gigantomachia. (Paus. i. 25. § 2; Plut. Ant. 60.) The Gigantomachia was one of four compositions, each three feet in height, dedicated by Attalus, the other three representing the battle of the Athenians and Amazons, the battle of Marathon, and the destruction of the Gauls by Attalus. (Paus. l. c.) If the Gigantomachia stood towards the eastern end of the southern wall, we may conclude that the three other compositions were ranged in a similar manner upon the wall towards the west, and probably extended as far as opposite the Parthenon. Mr. Penrose relates that south-east of the Parthenon, there has been discovered upon the edge of the Cimonian wall a platform of Piraic stone, containing two plain marble slabs, which are perhaps connected with these sculptures.

(iv.) Temple of Artemis Brauronia, standing between the Propylaea and the Parthenon, of which the foundations have been recently discovered. (Paus. i. 23. § 7.) Near it, as we learn from Pausanias, was a brazen statue of the Trojan horse (Tinror Mp€ios), from which Menestheus, Teucer and the sons of Theseus were represented looking out (pr*p- afa vi pm/ i). From other authorities we learn that spears projected from this horse (Hesych. s. v. 8o6- ftot %wTos comp. doctor fmroi, Kpvwr^ ifi- irtffx^ 96pv, Eurip. Troad. 14); and also that it was of colossal size (hrmv 6r^«y ijJy^Ooa icor 6 te^jpier, Aristoph. Av. 1128; Hesych. s. v. Kpios ictXySnipttt). The basis of this statue has also been discovered with an inscription, from which we learn that it was dedicated by Chaeredemus, of Coele (a quarter in the city), and that it was made by Strongylion. (Xatpidftifios EweyyiKov 4k KotKiis iafi^€w. ^pcyyuXimp hrohifftp; Zeitshrift fÜr die Alterthumswissenschaft, 1842, p. 832.)

(v.) Temple of Rome and Augustus, not mentioned by Pausanias, stood about 90 feet before the eastern front of the Parthenon. Leake observes (p. 353, seq.) that from a portion of its architrave still in existence, we may infer that it was circular, 23 feet in diameter, of the Ionic or Corinthian order, and about 50 feet in height, exclusive of a basement. An inscription found upon the site informs us that it was dedicated by the Athenian people bt^ *P^fiii nU SctfooT^ Kalaapu. It was dedicated to Rome and Augustus, because this emperor forbade the provinces to raise any temple to him, except in conjunction with Rome. (Suet. Aug. 52.)

In following Pausanias through the Acropolis, we must suppose that he turned to the right after

ATHENAE. 281 passing through the Propylaea, and went straight to the Parthenon; that from the Parthenon he proceeded to the eastern end of the Acropolis; and returned along the northern side, passing the Erechtheium and the statue of Athena Promachus.

Before accompanying Pausanias in his route through the city, it will be convenient to notice the various places and monuments, as to the site of which there can be little or no doubt. These are the hills Areiopagus, Pnyx, of the Nymphs and Museium; the Dionysiac theatre, and the Odeium of Herodes on the southern side of the Acropolis; the cave of Apollo and Pan, with the fountain Clepsydra, and the cave of Aglaurus on the northern side of the Acropolis; the temples of Theseus and of Zeus Olympius; the Horologium of Andronicus Cyrrhestes; the Choragic monument of Lysicrates; the Stadium; the gateway and the aqueduct of Hadrian; and, lastly, the Agora and the Cerameicus.

The Areiopagus (6 "Apfiof vdr/os), or Hill of Ares, was the rocky heoght opposite the western end of the Acropolis, from which it was separated only by some hollow ground. Of its site there can be no doubt, both from the description of Pausanias, and from the account of Herodotus, who relates that it was a height over against the Acropolis, from which the Persians assailed the western extremity of the Acropolis. (Paus. i. 28. § 6; Herod, viii. 52; see above, p. 266, a.) According to tradition it was called the Hill of Ares, because Ares was brought to trial here before the assembled gods by Poseidon, on account of his murdering Halirrhothius, the son of the latter. The spot is memorable as the place of meeting of the Council of Areiopagus (i^ 4y 'Apci^v w«E7y /SouX^), frequently called the Upper Council (^ 5m» 0ovKli)f to distinguish it from the Council of Five Hundred, which held its sittings in the valley below the hill. The Council of Areiopagus met on the south-eastern summit of the rock. There are still sixteen stone steps cut in the rock, leading up to the hill from the valley of the Agora; and immediately above the steps is a bench of stones excavated in the rock, forming three sides of a quadrangle, and facing the south. Hero the Areiopagites sat, as judges, in the open air (^AwaiBpun dducd^ (em, Pollux, viii. 118). On the eastern and western sides is a raised block. Wordsworth supposes these blocks to be the two rude stones which Pausanias saw here, and which are described by Euripides as assigned, the one to the accuser, the other to the criminal, in the causes which were tried in this court:—

&t S* c^f "Ap^ioy 6%^^^ ^*^^^ '^ Sffciyr r' thmf¥, lyit ftkv ddrtpoy KaSii>y 0dBpov, th 8* Hxija w(>4a€€ip* Ijwtp Ijy *Epiy{wy.

(Eurip. Iph. T. 961.) Of the Council itself an account has been given elsewhere. (Dict. of Ant. s. v.) The Areiopagus possesses peculiar interest to the Christian as the spot from which the Apostle Paul preached to the men of Athens. At the foot of the height on the north-eastern side there are