Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/239

 ARRETIUM. eoodode a pnce with the Repablio far 30 years. (Ut. ix. 3S, 37; Diod. xx. 35.) It would seem that the Anecines were again in arms with the other Etnucaos in b. o. 294, but were compelled to sue for peace, and porchased a trace for 40 years with a hit^ som of nxmej. (Id. x. 37.) Livy speaks of Arretiom at this time as one of the chief cities of Etruria, " capita Etraiiae popnlomm ;" bat we learn that they were a^tated, and probably weakened by dMOMtie dissensions, which in one instance involved thrm in <^n war. (Id. x. 3.) The occasion on which ther passed into the oan(]Qtian of subjects or dependents of Borne is unknown, bat it was appa- rently by a peacefal arrangement, as we hear df no Iriomph over the Arretines. In b. c. 283 they were besieged by the Senanian Ganls, and a Boman army which advanced to their relief was defeated, but the city did wA iaU mto the hands of the enemy. (Pol. n. 19.) ^Vfto- the Romans had completed the conquest of Italy, Arretiom was regarded as a military post of the highest importance, as commanding the western cBtnoce into Etnuia and the valley of the Tiber from Cisalpine Gaul. The high road across the Apennines from thence to Bononia was not oon- stnicted tin B. c. 187 (Liv. xxxix. 2), but it is clear that this nmte was one previous^ frequented ; hence, in the Second Panic War, FlanUnius was posted at Arretiom with hb army in order to oppose the ad- vance of Hannibal, while Servilins occupied Arimi- Dom with the like object. (Pol. iii. 77, 80; Liv. iiM 2, 3.) Daring a later period of the same war 9Q5pkiQ08 were entertained of the fidelity of Arre- tiom; hat Marcellus, having been sent thither in htste, prevented an open defection, and severe pre- cantioDS were taken for the future. (Liv. xxvii. 2 1, 22. 24.) But a few years afterwards (b. c. 205) the Arretines were among the foremost of the cities ef Etroria to famish arms and military stores of varkos kinds for the armament of Scijuo. (Liv. xxviiL 45.) In the civil wars of Sulla and Marias they took part with the latter, for which they were severely punished by SuUa, who deprived them of the lights of Boman citizens, and confiscated their Isoda, bat did not actoaUy cany out their partition. Many of the inhabitants afterwards joined the cause of Gatifine. (Cic pro Caec, 33, pro Muren, 24, ad AtL L 19.) At the outbreak of the Civil War in B. c. 49, Arretium was one of the first places which Caesar hastened to occupy immediately after he had passed the Buhicon. (Caes. B.C. i. 11; Cie. ad Fam. xvi 12.) From this tuno its name i% scarcely mentioned in history; but we learn firom thp Liber Coloniarum that it received a colony under Augostos, apparently the same to which Pliny pves the title of Arretium Julium. (Lib. Colon. pc215: PUn. iiL 5. s. 8.) That author, indeed, dctocibes the Arrotincs as divided in his time into the Aretini Veteres, Aretini Fidentes, and Aretini Jolirnseai. That these constituted separate muni- eipal bodies or communities is certain firom an in- arrip(kin, in which we find the " Decuriones Arrcti- ngrnm Veterom " (Orell. Inter. 100), but it is not ckar that they inhabited altogether distinct towns. Strabp makes no alluaon to any such distinction, and ether inscriptions mention the " Ordo Arretinonun," without maj further addition. (lb. 1300; Mur. Itucr. p. 1094. 2.) It is probable, therefore, that they were merely the names of distinct colonies or hodi'4 of settlers which had for some reason received monicipnl oi^auisation. The Arretini ARBUCA. 223 Julienses were evidently the colonists settled by Au- gustus: the Arretini Fidentes probably dated from the time of Sulla, or perhaps from a still earlier period. But Uiere seems reason to believe that Arre- tium Yetus, the ancient Etruscan city, did in fact occupy a site different firom the modem Arezzo^ which has probably succeeded to tiie Roman city. The ruins of the former have been pointed out on a height called Poggio di S. Comdio^ two or three miles to the SE. of Arezzo^ where there are some remains of ancient walls, apparently of Etruscan construction. The only ruins visible in the modem city are some small purtions of an amphitheatre, de- cidedly of Boman date. (Bepetti, biz. Geogr. di Toscanaj voL i. p. 585; Micali, Man. Ined. p. 410; I)enuis*s Etruria^ voL ii. pp. 421—431.) The other relics of antiquity discovered at Arezzo are far more interesting and valuable. Among these are numerous works in bronze, especially the Chi- maera and the statue of Mnerva, both of which are now preserved in the Gallery at Florence, and are among the most interesting specimens of Etruscan art. Much pottery has also been fomid, of a pecu- liar style of bright red ware with ornaments in relief, wholly different from the painted vases so numerous in Southern Etraria. The Boman inscrip- tions on them confirm the statement of Pliny (xxxv. 46), who speaks of Arretium as still celebrated in his time for its pottery; which was, however, re* garded with contempt by the wealthy Romans, and used only for ordinary purposes. (Mart. 1. 54. 6, xiv. 98 ; Pers. i. 130.) Vitravius and Pliny both speak of the waUs oi Arretium (meaning apparently the ancient Etruscan cily) as built of brick, and remarkable for the excellence of their constraction. (Vitrav. ii. 8. § 9; Plin. xxxv. 14. s. 49.) No re- mains of these are now visible. Maecenas is commonly regarded as a native of Arretium. There is not, indeed, any proof that he was himself bom there, but it is certain that the family of the Cilnii to which he belonged was at an early period the most powerful and conspicuous of the nobility of that city (Liv. x. 3, 5; compare Hor. Carm. iii. 29. 1, Sat. i. 6. 1) ; and tiie jesting epithets applied to his favourite by Augustas leave little doubt of hb Arretian origin. (Macrob. ii. 4.) The territory of Arretium was very extensive, and Included not only the upper valley of the Amus, but a part of that of the Tiber also (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9), as well as the adjacent valley of the Clanis. The latter appears to have been, in ancient as well as modem times, marshy, and subject to inundations; and the "Arretinum Stagnum," mentioned by Julius Ob- sequens (§ 100), most have been a marshy lake in the Vol di Chiana, Great part of the Arretine territory was extremely fertile : it produced wheat of the finest quality, and several choice varieties of vines. (Plin. xiv. 2. s. 4, xviii. 9, s. 20.) [E.H.B.] ARRHAPACHI'TIS {'A^f^anaxins, Ptol. vi. 1. § 2), a district of Assyria Proper, adjoining Armenia, named probably from a town which Ptol. (vi. 1. § 6) calls Arrhape ("A^^cwra). The name is, perhaps, connected with Arphaxad, as Bochart {Geog. Sacr. ii. c. 4) has conjectured. [V.] ABRHE'NE. [Arzakenb.] ARRHI ATJIA (rd ^A^^ioi'd), a town in the Tlira- dan Chersonesus on the Hellespont, near Cynossema, mentioned only by Thucydides (viii. 104.) ARRI'ACA {It. Ant. pp. 436, 438) or CA- RACCA {KdpoKKaj Ptol. ii. 6. § 57; Geog. Rav, iv. 44), a toivn of the Carpetani in Hispania Tarra-