Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/208

 192 ARC.U)IA. firam about 40 petty Arcadian townships. [Me- galopolis.] Of the constitution of the new con- federation we have very little information. We onlj know that the great council of the nation, which used to meet at- Megalopolis, was called oi Mipioij or the ^ Ten Thousand." (Xen. ffelL vi. 5. § 3, seq., Tii. 1. § 38 ; Pans. viii. 27 ; Diod. xv. 59.) This council was evidently a representative assem- bly, and was not composeid exclusively of Megalo- politans; but when and how often it was assembled, and whether there was any smaller council or not, are questions which cannot be answered. (For details, see Thirl wall, ffist of Greece, vol. v. p. 88.) A standing army was also formed, called Epariii (^'EvapiToi), consisting of 5000 men, to defend tlie common interests of the confederation. (Xen. ffell, vii. 4. § 34, v-ii. 5. § 3; Diod. xv. 62, 67; Hesych, s. V, ivop6iToi,) Supported by the Thebans, the Arcadians were able to resist all the attempts of the Spartans to prevent the new confederacy finom becoming a reality ; but they sustained one signal defeat from the Spartans under Archidamus, in B. c. 367, in what b called the "^ Tearless battle," although the statement that 10,000 of the Arcadians and their Argive allies were slain, without the loss of a single man on the Spartan side, is evidently an exaggeration. (Plut. Ages. 33; IMod. xv. 72; Xen. HeU. vii. 1. § 28, seq.) In b. c. 365, a war broke out between the .AJcadians and Eleans, in which the former were not only successful, but took possession of Olympia, and gave to the Pisatans the presidency of tiie Olympic games (364). The members of the Arcadian government appropriated a portion of the sacred treasures at Olympia to pay their troops; but this proceeding was warmly cen- sured by the l^Iantineians, who were, for some reason, opposed to the supreme government. The latter was supported by Tegea, as well as by the Thebans, and the Mantineiaus, in consequence, were led to ally themselves with their ancient enemies the Spartans. (Xen. HelL vii. 4; Diod. xv. 77, seq.) Thus, the two most powerful cities of Arcadi.i were again arrayed against each other, and the strength of the new confederation was destroyed almost as soon as it was formed. The disturbed state of Arcadia brought Epaminondas at the head of a Theban army into Peloponnesus, in b. c. 362 ; and his death at the battle of Mantineia was fol- lowed by a general peace among all the belligerents, with the exception of Sparta. In the subsequent disturbances in Greece, we hear little of the Ar- cadians; and though Megalopolis continued to be an important cit^, the political confederation lost all real power. After the death of Alexander the Great, we find many of the Arcadian cities in the hands of tymnts; and so little union was there between the cities, that some of them joined the Achaean, and others the Aetolian, league. Thus Megalopolis was united to the Achaean League, whereas Orcho- menus, T^ea, and ^lantineia, were members of the Aetolian. (Pol. ii. 44, 46.) Subsequently, the whole of Arcadia was annexed to the Achaean League, to which it continued to belong till the dissolution of the league by the Romans, when Arcadia, with the rest of the Peloponnesus, became part of the Boman province of Achaia. [Achaia.] Like many of the other countries of Greece, Arcadia rapidly declined under the Roman dominion. Strabo describes it as almost deserted at the time when he wnite; and of all its ancient cities Tegea was the only one still inhabited in his day. (Strab. p. 388.) ARCADLA. For our knowledge of the greater part of the cosn^ try we are indebted chiefly to Pausanias, who lias devoted one of his books to a description of its citi« and their remains. The following is a list of the towns of Arcadia: 1. In Teg€4Uii (Te7*oTij), the SE. district, Te- GEA, with the dependent places MaiUhyrea^PmiKe, Garetu, Corytheis, 2. In Maniinioe (Mayriyucfi), the district N. of Tegeatis, Mantikeu, with the dependent places, Maera, Petrosaca, Fkoesan, NesUme, MelcmgeiOj Elymku 3. In Stffmphddia (Srv/i^NxXfa), the district N. of Mantinice, Stymphalus, Ouoyrtdm, Alea. 4. In MaenaUa (ViaupaKia so called from Ut Maenalus [MAENALus]y<the district S.andW. of Mantinice, and W. of T^catis: on the road from Megalopolis to Tegea, Ladoceia ; Haemomae {AtfiofttU), probably on the western side of Mt. Tzimbard (Pans. viii. 3. § 3, 44. § I ; Steph. B. t. v.; Leakey Fetopormesiacoy p. 247); Orestha- SIUM, a little to the right of the road; Aphroditium ('A^poSitnoy, Pans. viii. 44. § 2); Athenaeum; AsEA; Pallantium. On the road from Mega- lopolis to Maenalus, along the valley of the ficlisson^ Peraetheis {ntpouetls, Pans. viii. 3. § 4, 27. § 3, 36. § 7), Lycoa, Dipaea, Sumatia, Maenalus. N. of Maenalus, Anemosa and Helisson. Between Pallantium and Asea Eutaea. The inhabitants of most of these towns were removed to Meoalopous, on the foundation of the latter ci^, which was situated in the SW. comer of Maenalia. The same remark applies to the inhabitants ci most of tltc towns in the districts Maleatis, Cromitis, Parrhasia, Cynuria, Eutresia. 5. In Maleatis (MaAcSrtr), a district S. of Mae- nalia, on the borders of Laconia. The inhabitants of this district, and of Cromitis, are called A^iae by Pausanias (viii. 27. § 4), because the La(^e- monian town of Aegys originally belonged to Arcadia. Malea; Leuctra, or Leugtrum; Phalaesbae; Scirtomum (pbcifn^pioy. Pans. viii. 27. § 4), of uncertain site. 6. In Cromitis (Kp«^7r(f), a district west of Maleatis, on the Messenian frontier: Cromi, or Cromnus; Gatheae; Fliaedrias (*ai^pias,Vaxi&, viii. 35. § 1), on the road from Megalopolis to Camasium, perhaps on the height above NeolMri (Leake, FelopormesiacOy p. 236.) 7. In Parrhasia (Ila^^ao-Mc^, Thuc. v. 33), a district on the Messenian frontier, N. of Cromitis and Messenia, occupying the left bank of the plain of the Alpheius: Macareae; Daseae; Acace- sium; Lycosura; Thocnla; Basilis; Cypsela; Bathos ; Trapezus ; Acontium and Presets {*AK6vrtoVy UpoiTus), both of uncertain site. (Pauj«. viii. 27. § 4.) The Parrhasii (Ua(i^toi) are men- tioned as one of the most ancient of the Arcadian tribes. (Strab. p. 388; Steph. B. At?. 'Afcuia.) During the Peloponnesian war the Mantindans had extended their supremacy over the Parrhasii, but the latter were restored to independence by the Lacedaemonians, B.C. 421. (Thuc v. 33.) [Mak- TiNEiA.] Homer mentions a town Parrhasia, said to have been founded by Parrhasus, son of Lycaon, or by Pelasgus, son of Arestor, which Leake con- jectures to be the same as Lycosura. (Horn. //. ii. 608; Plin. iv. 10; Steph. B. s. v, Uad^ia,) [Lycosura.] The Roman poets frequently usj the adjectives Parrhasius and Parrhaais as equi- valent to Ajpcadian. (Virg. Aen, viii. 344, xl 31;