Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/204

 188 ARAVr. we must snppofie to have been settled here. A medal of Goltzios, if genuine, confinns this. Orange contains a great number of Roman re- mains. Near the town is a triumphal arch, about 60 feet high, with throe archways, of which the central arch is larger than the other two. On one of the attics the name *' Mario " still exists, which has given rise to the opinion that the arch was erected in honour of C. Marius, the con<raeror of the TeuUmes at Aiz. [Aquae Sextiab.J But this arch probably belongs to a later period than the age of Marius. The amphitheatre, of which some re- mains existed till recently, has entirely disappeared, the stones having been carried off tor building. At Vaison, a few miles from Onuige, there are some remains of the ancient aqueduct [G. L.] ARAVI, a people of Lusitania, in the neighbour- hood of Norba Caesarea, mentioned in the inscription on the bridge of Alcantara. (Gruter, p. 1 62 ; Florez, xiii. p. 128.) [P. S.] ARAVISCI CApaSitTKoi, Ptol. ii. 16. § 3; Eva- visci, Plin. iii. 25. s. 28), a people of Pannonia, in- habiting the right bank of the Danube, whose lan- guage and customs were the same as the Osi, a Gennan people. But it was uncertain whether the Aravisci had emigrated into Pannonia from the Osi, or the Osi had passed over into Germany frtnn the Aravisci. (Tac. Germ. 28.) ARAXACApo^o: Etk. 'Apa^tds), a dty of Lyda, according to Alexander Polyhistor, in the second book of his Lysiaca. (Steph. e. v. "Apc^a.^ Ptolemy places it near Sidyma. A rare coin, with the epi- graph ATKIIIN APA., is attributed to this place by Sestini. [G. L.] ARAXATES, a river in Sogdiana. (Amm. Marc, xxiii. 6.) [Jaxartes.] ARAXES i'Apd^ris). 1 . {ErasJch, Rakhsi, Aras, Raa), a large river of Armenia, which takes its rise from a number of sources in Mt. Abus (^Bin Gol) (Steph. B. a. v.; Strab. p. 531; Plin. vi. 10; Ptol. V. 13. §§ 3, 6, 9), nearly in the centre of the space between the E. and W. branches of the Euphrates. The general course may be described as E., thai S£., and afler flowing in a K£. direction, it re- smnes its SE. course, and after its junction with the Cyrus (JTwr), discharges itself into the Cas- pian Sea. (Col. Monteith, in London Geog. Joum. vol. iii., with accompanying Map.) Of its nume- rous tributaries, Pliny (/. c.) only mentions one, the Musus (^Murts). The ancient ge<^raphy of this river is involved in much obscurity. Hero- dotus (i. 202, iv. 40) describes the Araxes as flow- ing E. from the country of the Matieni; as it approached the Caspian, it divided into 40 channels, only one of which made its way clear to the lake, the rest were choked up, and formed swamps. If this statement be compared with that of Strabo (/. c), there can be little doubt but that the Araxes of Herodotus must be identilicd with the river of Armenia. If this supposition does not remove all difficulties, which it docs not, we must remember that Herodotus was generally unacquainted with the countries bordering on the Caspian. (For a full discussion on this question, the reader is referred to Tzchucke, in Pomp. Mela^ iii. 5. § 5, and Mem, de lAcad. des Intcript. vol. xxx'i. pp. 69, seq.) Ritter (Erdkimde, vol. x. p. 389) identifies the Phasis of Xenophon (Anab. iv. 6. § 4; comp. Kin- neir. Travels in Armenia, p. 489) with the Araxes; on the other hand, the Araxes oif the same author (Anab. i. 4. § 19) is held to be the Khdbur, an ARBALO. affluent of the Euphrates. The description of tBe course of the Araxes in Pomp. Mela (iii 5) has much picturesque merit, and in the main agrees irith the accounts of modem travdlers. The ^^pootem indignatus Araxes" of Vizgil {Aen, viii. 7S8; comp. " Patiens Latii jam pontis Araxes " of Sta- tins, Silv. i. 4. § 79) now endures four bridges; aad the ruined remains of others are still fonnd on its banks. The fall in the river of not more than six feet high, which occurs at the great braik in the mountain duun, about 40 miles bebw Djvlfa {Eregpar or Arari)ar), must be the same as the cataract to which Strabo {I. c.) alludes, though the ancient author assigns to it so much larger pro- portions. Strabo (2L c), in accordance with the national custom of referring foreign names to a Greek origin, connects the word Araxes with hpdaati, and adds that the Peneus was once called Araxes, on account of its having separated Ossa from Olym- pus at the gorge of Tempo. The remark in itsdf is of no importance; but it is curious to observe the various rivers and places in remote countries which bore this name Besides the one in Mesopotamia already mentioned, we read of another Araxes, which flowed through mountainous Perbia, and entered the lake of BakhtegcM. (See below.) Like the Celtic Avon^ Araxes was probably an appellative name. According to Rennel {Gtog. He- rod, p. 205) the Araxes is theJaxartes; the Jaxartes and Oxus (JSirr and Jihon) are confounded tc^^er, and the particulars which refer to both rivers are ap- plied to one. The account Herodotus gives of its ori- gin and course has served to identify it with the Ar- menian river. Some have supposed it to be the Volga or Rha, M. de Guignes holds that the Araxes of the 4th book is indisputably the Armenian Araxes, but distinguishes it from the one mentioned in the 1st book. M. de la Nauze argues in favour of the view advocated here. Full particulars as to all the rivers bearing this name will be found in D'Anvillc, Mem. de VAcad. des Inscript, vol. xxxvi. p 79; St. Martin, Mem. sur tArmenie^ vol. i. p. 38; Chesney, Exped. Euphrat. vol. i. pp. 9, 96, 210, 219. [E. B. J.] 2. A river of Persis, which rises in the mountains of the Uxii, and flows E. m the L. Bakktegm (the Salt Lake). Its present name is Kum-Finiz (De Bode, Lurisian, ^., vol. i. p. 75), or Bendamir. [Cyrus.] (Strab. xv. p. 729; Curt. v. 4; comp. Morier, Travels in Persia^ vol. i. p. 124.) 3. A river in Eastern Scythia, in the conntir of the Massagetae, another name for the Jaxartes. (Strab. xi. p. 512.) 4. The Araxes of Xenophon lAnab. i. 4. § 19) is probably the Chaboras {Kha- bur) of other writers. [V.] ARAXUS. [AcHAiA, p. 13, b.] ARBA (Arhe)j an island off the coast of Hlvria. (Plin. iiL 21. § 25.) Ptolemy (ii. 16 [17]. § 13) calls Arba and CoUentum two towns in the island of Scardona. He appears to have confounded the island of Arba with the small island to the south, now called Scardo^ Scarda or Scordo. (Forbigcr, vol. iii. p. 845.) ARBACA {'ApSdKo)^ a town of Arachosia of un- certain site. (Amm. More, xxiii. 6 ; Ptol. ri. 20. § 4-) [V.] ^ ATJB ACE (*Ap€dH7i : Etk. 'A^okoms), a city of Hispania Tarraconensis, in Celtiberia, according to Juba (Steph. B. e. v.); probably, from the name, belonging to the Arevaci. [P. S.] ARBALO, a place in Germany, where Drusns