Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/697

 rUTEOLANUS SINUS. About a mile from PozzuoU to the NE., on a hill between the town and the Lac/o cV Anrjano, is the remarkable spot now called the Solfutara, and in ancient times known as the Fokum Vulcani ('H(^oi(rTou ayupd, Strab.). It is evidently the crater of an extinct volcano, retiiining only so much of its former activity as to emit constantly sul- phureous gases in considerable quantity, the deposit of which forms large accumulations of sulphur. It is well described by Strabo, in whose time it would seem to have been rather more active than at pre- sent, as well as in a more poetical style by Petronius (C«77n. B. Civ. 67 — 75); and is noticed also by Lucilius, who justly points to the quantity of sul- phur produced, as an evidence of igneous action, though long extinct. (Strab. v. p. 246; Lucil. Aetn. 431.) It does not seem to have ever broken out into more violent action, in ancient, any more than in modern, times ; but in the middle ages on one occasion (in 1198) it broke into a violent eruption ; and a stream of trachytic lava, which lias flowed from the crater in a SE. direction, is pro- bably the result of this outburst. The effect of the sulphureous exhalations on the soil of the surround- ing hills is visible for some distance, and imparts to them a peculiar whiteness of aspect, whence they were called the Leucogaei Colles. (Plin. xviii. 11. s. 29, XXXV. 15. s. 50.) Pliny also mentions in connection with them some mineral springs, to which he gives the name of Leucogaei Pontes. (Id. xxxi. 2. s. 8.) They are probably those now known as the risciarelli. There were two ancient roads leading from Puteoli, the one to Capua, the other to Neapolis. Both of them may still be distinctly traced, and were boi- dered, for some distance after they quitted the city, with ranges of tombs similar to those found outside the gate of Pompeii, though of course in less perfect preservation. They are nevertheless in many re- spects of much interest. Pliny mentions the road (which he calls a Via Consularis) that led from Puteoli to Capua; it was the tract on the left of this towards Cumae that was the district properly called the Cajipi Labokini, or LAiiORiAE, distinguished even above the rest of Campania for its surpassing fertility. (Plin. xviii. 11. s. 29.) Concerning the topography of Puteoli and ruins still remaining at PozzuoU, see Mazzella, Situs et Antiquitas Pii- teolorum in Graevius and Burmann's Thesaurus, vol. ix. part iv.; Romanelli, Viaggio a Pvzzuoli, 8vo. Naples, 1817; and Jorio, Guida di PozzuoU, 870. Naples, 1830. [E. H. B.] PUTEOLA'NUS SINUS. [Crateu.] PUTPUT, a station in Africa Proper, 12 M. P. from Neapolis (^Nabel) {Itin. Anton. ; Pent. Tab.'), which has been identified by Barth ( Wanderungen, pp. 142, 143) with Iluindmat. Sir G. Temple (^Excursions, vol. ii. p. 10) considers it to be Siagul (2ia7ouA, Ptul. iv. 3. § 9), becau.se of the two in- scriptions with " Civitas Siagitana," which Shaw found at Hdmamat. (^Trav. p. 169.) [E. B. J.] PYCNUS (^nvKv6s, Ptol. iii. 17. § 8), a river on the N. coast of Crete, a little W. of Cydonia. PYDARAS. [Athyras.] PYDNA {UvSva, Scyl. p. 26; Scymn. Ch. 626; Ptol. iii. 13. § 15; Steph. B. ; Plin. 'iv. 17), a town which originally stood on the coast of Pieria, in the Thermaic gulf. Themistocles was conducted by two Macedonian guides across the mountains, and found a merchant ship about to .sail for Asia. (Thuc. ii. 137.) Pydna was blockaded by the Athenians, PYLAEA 681 who, after prosecuting the siege in vain, conclndod a convention with Perdiccas. (Time. i. 61.) It was taken b. c. 411 by Archelaus, who removed its site 20 stadia from the sea. (Diodor. xiii. 49.) After- wards it was gained for Athens by Timotheus; but in the two first years of the disastrous Social War (358 — 356), Pydna, about the exchange of which for Amphipolis there had been a secret negotiation, was betrayed to Philip by a party of traitors in the town. (Demosth. adv. Leptinem, p. 476. § 71. Ohjnth. i. p. 10. § 5, Ohjnth. ii. p. 19. § 6; Ulpian, ad he; Theopompus, Fr. 189, ed Didot.) Several Athenian citizens were taken in Pydna, and sold into slavery, whom Demosthenes ransomed from his own funds. (Plut. Vit. X. Orator, p. 851, vol. ix. p. 381, ed. Reiske.) Towards the close of the year B.C. 316, Olynipias retired to Pydna, where she was besieged by Cassander, and taken prisoner by him. (Diodor. xix. 49; Polyaen. iv. 11. § 3.) In the spring of B.C. 169, Perseus abandon- ing Dium, retieated before the consul Q. Marcius Philippus to Pydna. (Liv. xliv. 6.) After again occupying the strong line of the Enipeus, Perseus, in con.sequence of the dexterous flank movement of P. Scipio Nasica, was compelled to fall back upon Pydna. On the 22nd of June, b. c. 168 (an eclipse fixes the date, Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 82), the fate of the JIacedonian monarchy was decided in a plain near the town, which was traversed by a small river, and bordered by heights affording a convenient retreat and shelter to the light infantry, while the plain alone contained the level ground necessary for the phalanx. (Liv. xliv. 32 — 46; Plut. Aemil. 13—23.) The Epitomiser of Strabo and a Scholiast upon Demosthenes (Ohjnth. i. p. 1 0) assert that the Ki'rpos of their time was the same place as Pydna; but their authority is of no great weight, and Colonel Leake (Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 429 — 435) has shown that the ancient site is better represented by Aydn, where there are Hellenic remains, and, on the slope towards the sea, two " tumuli," probably monuments of the battle. Kitro, it may be supposed, rose upon the decay of Pydna and Jlethone, between which it lies. For autonomous coins of Pydna, see Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 76. [E. B. J.] PYDNAE or PYDNA (XliZvat), a small town on the coast of Lycia, between the river Xanthus and Cape Hieron. (^Utadiasm. M. Magni, p. 221.) It is probably the same place as the one called by Ptolemy (v. 3. S 5) Cydna, and which ho places at the foot of Mount Cragus, where ruins of an ancient town were obseived by Beaufort. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 182.) [L. 8.] PY'GELA or PHY'GELA (nt;7€Aa, i;7€Ao : Eth. Xvyiivs), a small town on the coast of the Caystriau bay, a little to the south of Ephesus, was .said to have been founded by Agamemnon, and to have been peopled with the remnants of his army; it contained a temple of Artemis Munychia. (Xenoph. Ilellen. i. 2. §2; Strab. xiv. p. 639; Steph. W.s. v.; Harpocnit. s.v. Plin. v. 31; Scylax. p. 37; Pomp. Mela, i. 17; Liv. xxxvii. 1.) Dio.scoridcs (v. 12) commends the wine of this town, which is still cele- brated. Chandler (Travels, p. 176) obsen'ed its remains on a hill between Ephesus and Scala Nova. (Comp. Leake, Asia Minor, p. 261.) [L. S.j PYLAE. [TllKRM01'YI..E.] PYLAE CILICIAE. [Cilicia.] PYLAE SYKIAE. [Amaniues; Lssus.] PYLAEA (nvKala), a suburb of Delphi, and