Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/68

 52 INDIGETES. the opinion of Eratosthenes (Strab. i. p. 64). The Indian Ocean contains at its eastern end tlirce prin- cipal gulfs, which are noticed in ancient authors, — the Sinus Pekimulicus (Ptol. vii. 2. § 5), in the Chersonesus Aurea (probably now the Straits of Malacca): the Sinus Sabaracus (Ptol. vii. 2. § 4), now the Gulf of Mariahan ; and the Sinus G. - GETicus, or Bay of Bengal. [V.] INDIGE'TES, or INDI'GETAE, QlvhiKi]Tai, Strab. ; 'E;'5i7eTai, Ptol), a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, in the extreme NE. corner of the peninsula, around the gulf of Pihoda and Emporiae {Gulf of Ampurias), as far as the Trophies of Poinpjey (ra IIojutd/jou rpowaLa, ava6r)fj.aTa tov rio^TDjioi;), on the summit of the pass o-ver the Pyrenees, which formed the boundary of Gaul and Spain (Strab. iii. p. 160, iv. p. 178). [Pom- peii Tropae..] They were divided into four tribes. Their chief cities, besides Empokiae and Ehod., were : Juncakia {'lovyyapia, Ptol. ii. 6. § 73 • Jimque.ra, oi', as some suppose, Figmras), 1 6 jM p. south of the summit of the Pyrenees (Sum- mum Pyrenaeum, Itin.), on the high road to Tarraco (Itin. Ant. pp. 390, 397); Cinniana (Cervia), 1.5 M. P. further S. (lb. ; Tab. Pent.) ; and Deciana, near Junquera (Ptol. ii. 6. § 73). On the promontory formed by the E. extremity of the Pyrenees ( C. Creus), was a temple of Venus, with a small seaport on the N. side Qk<ppo^uxi.as, Steph. B. ; rb 'AcppoSicnov hpov, Ptol. ii. 6. § 20 ; Pyienaea Venus, Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Portus Veneris, ]Ie!a, ii. 6. § 5 ; Portus Pyrcnaei, Liv. xx.^iv. 8 : Porte Vendres), which some made the boundary of Gaul and Spain, instead of the Trophies of Pompey. Ptolemy names two small rivers as falling into the gulf of Emporiae, the Clodianus (KAcoSiai/ds : Fluvia) and the Sam- BiiOCAS (2a;u§pd/ca sVSoAai) : Pliny names the TiCHis, which is the small river flowing past /Josns. The district round the gulf of Emporiae was called JuNCARius Campus {rb 'lovyydpwv TreSioi'), from t])e abundance of rushes which grew upon its marshy soil. (Strab. iii. pp. 156, 163; Steph. B. s.v.'lvSi- KrjTai; Eustath. ad II. i. p. 191; Avien. Or. ilar. 523 : Ukert, vol, ii. pt. 1. pp. 315, &c.) [P. S.] INDOSCY'THIA (^IvioaicvQia : Eth. 'Ivoo- (TKvdris), a district of wide extent along the Indus, which probably comprehended the whole tract watered by the Lower Indus, Cuich, Guza-at, and Saurashlran. It derived its name from the Scythian tribes, who gradually pressed onwards to the south and the sea-coast after they had overthrown the Graeco-Baetrian empire, about a. d. 136. It is first mentioned in the Periplus JI. E. (p. 22) as occu- pying the banks of the Indus; while in Ptolemy is a fuller description, with the n;imes of some of its principal subdivisions, as Pattalene, Abiria, and Syrastrene {Saitrashtran), with an extensive list of towns which belonged to it (vii. 1. §§ 55 — 61). Some of them, as Binagara (properly Minnagara), have been recognised as partially Scythic in form. (Lassen, J'e7^to/J. p. 56 ; cf. Isidor. Char. p. 9.) In Diony.sius Periegetes (v. 1088) the same people are described as vorioi "^.KvQai. As late as the middle ot the sixth century A.D.. Cosmas Indicopleustes sjieaks of White Huns, or Mongolians, as the inhabitants of the Punjab (ii. p. 338). These may be considered as the remains of the same Scythic empire, the pre- decessors of the hordes who subsequently poured down from the north under Jinghiz Khan. (Ritter, Erdhmde, vol. i. p. 558.) [V.] INDUS (6 "IfS^j), one of the principal rivers of INDUS. Asia, and the boundary westward of India. It is mentioned first in ancient authors by Hecataeus of Miletus {Fragm. 144, ed. Klausen), and sub.se- quently by Herodotus (iv. 44), who, however, only notices it in connection with various tribes who, he states, lived upon its banks. As in the case of India itself, so in that of the Indus, the first real description which the ancients obtained of this river was from the historians of Alexander the Great's marches. Arrian states that its sources were in the lower spurs of the Paropamisus, or Indian Caucasus (Hindu- KusJi); wherein lie agrees with Mela (iii. 7. § 6), Strabo (xv. p. 690). Curtius (viii. 9. § 3), and other writers. It was, in Arrian's opinion, a vast stream, even from its first sources, the largest river in the world except the Ganges, and the recijiient of many tributaries, themselves larger than any other known stream. It has been conjectured, from the descriptions of the Indus which Arrian has preserved, that the writers from whom he has condensed his narrative must have seen it at the time when its waters were at their highest, in August and Sep- tember. Quoting fromCtesias (v. 4,11), and with the authority of the other writers (v. 20), Arrian gives 40 stadia for the mean breadth of the river, and 1 5 stadia where it was most contracted; below the con- fluence of the principal tributaries he considers its breadth may be 100 stadia, and even more than this when much flooded (vi. 14). Pliny, on the other hand, considers that it is nowhere more tiian 50 stadia broad (vi. 20. s. 23); which is clearly the same opinion as that of Strabo, who states, tliat though those who had not measured the breadth put it down at 100 stadia, those, on the other hand, who had measured it, asserted that 50 stadia was its greatest, and 7 stadia its least breadth (xv. p. 700). Its depth, according to Pliny (l. c), was nowhere less than 15 fathoms. According to Diodoru.s, it was the greatest river in the world after the Nile (ii. 35). Curtius states that its waters were cold, and of the colour of the sea (viii. 9. § 4). Its current is lield by some to have been slow (as by Mela, iii. 7. § 6); by others, rapid (as by Eustath. in Dionys. Perieg. v. 1088). Its course towards the sea, after leaving the mountains, was nearly SW. (Plin. vi. 20. s. 23); on its way it received, according to Strabo (xv. p. 700) and Arrian (v. 6), 15, according to Pliny, 19 other tributary rivers (/. c). About 2000 stadia from the Indian Ocean, it was divided into two principal arms (Strab. xv. p. 701), forming thereby a Delta, like that of the Nile, though not so large, called Pattalene, from its chief town Pattala (which Arrian asserts meant, in the Indian tongue. Delta (v. 4); though this statement may be questioned). (Cf. also Arrian, Ind. 2; Dionys. Perieg. v. 1088.) The flat land at the mouths of rivers which flow from high mountain-ranges with a rapid stream, is ever changing : hence, probably, the different ac- counts which we receive of the mouths of the Indus from those who recorded the history of Alexander, and from the works of later geographers. The former (as we have stated), with Strabo, gave the Indus only two principal outlets into the Indian Ocean, — at a distance, the one from the other, ac- cording to Aristobulus (aj). Strab. xv. p. 690), of 1000 stadia, but, according to Nearchus (I. c), of 1800 stadia. The latter mention more than two mouths : Mela (iii. 7. § 6) speaking of " plura ostia," and Ptolemy giving the names of seven (vii. 1. § 28), in which he is confirmed by the author of the Periplus Maris Erythraei (p. 22). The names