Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/615

 PHILAEA.

columns of a temple, which was apparently of small dimensions, but of elegant proportions. Near them are the fragments of two colossal granite statues, and also an excellent piece of masonry of much later date, having the aspect of an arch belonging to some Greek church or Saracen mosque. [W. B. D.]

PHILAEA (#:Aaia), a fort on the coast of Cili- cia, is mentioned only in the Stadiasmus Maris Magni (§§ 167, 168). [L. S.]

PHILAENI and PHILAENORUM ARAE (Pacalvov or biAgiver Bwpoi, Scyl. p. 47; Polyb. iii. 39. § 2, x. 40. § 7; Strab. iii. p. 171, xvii. p. 836 ; Ptol. iv. 3. § 14, iv. 4. § 3; Stadiasm. § 84; Pomp. Mela, i. 7. § 6; Plin. v. 4), the E. frontier of Carthage towards Cyrene, in the middle of the Greater Syrtis. About the middle of the fourth cen- tury B. C., according to a wild story which may be read in Sallust (B. J. 79; comp. Val. Max. v. 6. § 4), these monuments commemorated the pa- triotic sacrifice of the two Philaeni, Carthaginian envoys. These pillars, which no longer existed in the time of Strabo (p. 171), continued to give a name to the spot from which they had disappeared. The locality is assigned to Rds Linouf, a headland a little to the W. of Afuktar, the modern frontier between Sért and Barka. The Peutinger Table has a station of this name 25 M. P. from Anabricis; and, at the same distance from the latter, the Antonine Itinerary has a station BENADAD-ARI, probably a Punic name for Philenian Altars, as they were named by the Greeks of Cyrene. (Beechey, Expedition to the Coast of Africa, p. 218; Barth, Wanderungen, pp. 344, 366, 371.) [E.B.J.]

PHILAIDAE. [Artica, p. 332, b.]

PHILANO'RIUM. [HeErtone, p. 1058, a.]

PHILEAE (Mela, ii. 2. § 5), or PHILIAS (Tab. Peut. ; Geog. Rav. iv. 6, v.12; :Aeas,Scymn. v. 722 ; Steph. B. 698, who, however, has also the forms idea and @ivéa; bidia, Anon. B. Per. P. Euz., who also says that it was called @puyia, with which name it is likewise found in Arrian, Per. P. Euzx. p- 25; comp. Zosim. i. 34), a town on the coast of Thrace, built by the Byzantines, on a promontory of the same name. It still exists under the slightly altered appellation of Fillea or Filine. [T.H.D.]

PHILEROS. [Myeponza.]

PHILIA (@:Aia apa, Ptol. iti. 11. § 4), a pro- montory on the coast of Thrace, 310 stadia SE. of Salmydessus (Kara Burnu ?), with a town of the same name. [T. H. D.]

PHILIPPI (@idcrmor: Eth. didAdArrTevs, bidinah- otos), acity of Macedonia, which teok its name from its founder, Philip, the father of Alexander. Origin- ally, it had been called CreniDes (Kpnvides, Strab. Vii. p. 331; Appian, B. C. iv.105, 107; Steph. B.s. v. idir7or), or the “ Place of Fountains,” from the numerous streams in which the Angites takes its source. Near Crenides were the principal mines of gold in a hill called according to Appian (Z. c.) Dionyst CoLuis (Aépos Atovicov), probably the Same mountain as that where the Satrae possessed an oracle of Dionysus interpreted by the Bessi. (Herod. vii. 111.) Crenides does not appear to have belonged to the Thasians in early times, although it was under their dominion in the 105th Olympiad (z.c. 360). When Philip of Macedon got possession of the mines, he worked them with so much success, that they yielded 1000 talents a year, although previously they had not been very productive. (Diodor. xvi. 4—8.) The old city was enlarged by Philip, after the capture of Am-

PHILIPPI. 599

phipolis, Pydna, and Potidaea, and fortified to pro- tect, his frontier against the Thracian mountaineers. On the plain of Philippi, between Haemus and Pangaeus, the last battle was lost by the republicans of Rome. Appian (1. c.) has given a clear descrip- tion of Philippi, and the position on which Cassius and Brutus encamped. The town was situated on a steep hill, bordered to the N. by the forests through which the Cassian army advaneed,— to the S. by a marsh, beyond which was the sea, to the E. by the passes of the Sapsei and Corpili, and to the W. by the great plains of Myrcinus, Drabescus, and the Strymon, which were 350 stadia in length. Not far from Philippi, was the hill of Dionysus, eontaining the gold mines called Asyla; and 18 stadia from the town, were two other heights, 8 stadia asunder; on the one to the N. Brutus pitched his camp, and Cassius on that to the S. Brutus was protected on his right by rocky hills, and the left of Cassius by a marsh. The river Gangas or Gangites flowed along the front, and the sea was in the rear. The camps of the two leaders, although separate, were enclosed within a common entrenchment, and midway between them was the pass, which led like a gate from Europe to Asia. The galleys were at Neapolis, 70 stadia distant, and the commissariat in Thasos, distant 100 stadia. Dion Cassius (xlvii. 35) adds, that Philippi was near Pangaeus and Symbolum, and that Symbolum, which was between Philippi and Neapolis, was so called because it connected Pangaeus with another mountain stretching inland; which indentifies it with the ridge which stretches from Prdvista to Kavala, separating the bay of Kavdla from the plain of Philippi. The Pylae, therefore, could be no- other than the pass over that mountain behind Kavala. M. Antonius took up his position on the right, opposite to that of Cassius, at a distance of 8 stadia from theenemy. Octavius Caesar was opposed, to Brutus on the “left hand of the even field.” Here, in the autumn of B. c. 42; in the first engage- ment, Brutus was successful against Octavius, while Antonius had the advantage over Cassius. Brutus, incompetent to maintain the discipline of his troops, was forced to fight again; and in an engagement which took place on the same ground, twenty days afterwards, the Republic perished. Regarding the battle a curious mistake was re- peated by the Roman writers (Manil. i. 908 ; Ovid, Met. xv. 824; Flor. iv. 42; Lucan, i. 680, vii. 854, ix. 271; Juv. viii. 242), who represented it as fought on the same ground as Pharsalia,—a mistake which may have arisen from the ambiguity in the lines of Virgil (Georg. i. 490), and favoured by the fact of the double engagement at Philippi. (Meri- vale, Hist. of Roman Empire, vol. iil. p. 214.) Augustus afterwards presented it with the privilezes of a colonia,” with the name“ Col. Jul. Aug. Philip.” (Orelli, Inser. 512, 3658, 3746, 4064; and on coins ; Rasche, vol. iii. pt. 2. p. 1120), and con- ferred upon it the “ Jus Htalicum.” (Dion Cass. li. 4.) It was here, in his second missionary journey, that St. Paul, accompanied by Silas, came into con- tact with the itinerant traders in popular superstitions (Acts, xvi. 12—40); and the city was again visited by the Apostle on his departure from Greece. (Acts, xx. 6.) The Gospel obtained a home in Europe here, for the first time; and in the autumn of a. p. 62, its great teacher, from his prison, under the walls of Nero’s palace, sent a letter of grateful acknow- ledgment to his Macedonian converts. Philippi was Qq4