Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/613

 PHIGAMUS

1765, was the first who gave any account of it; it was subsequently visited and described by Gell, Dodwell, and others; and in 1812 the whole temple was very carefully examined by a body of artists and scholars, who cleared away the ruins of the cella, and thus became acquainted with the exact form of the interior of the building. The results of these labours are given by Stackelberg, Der Apollo- tempel zu Bassa in Arkadien, Rum. 1826. The ternple was a peripteral building of the Doric order. The stone of which it is built is a hard yellowish- brown limestone, susceptible of a high polish. It faces nearly north and south, was originally about 125 feet in length and 48 in breadth, and had 15 colunms on either side, and 6 on either front. There were also 2 columns in the pronaos and 2 in the pos- ticum; s0 that the total number in the peristyle was 42, of which 36 are standing. The cella was too narrow to allow of interior rows of columns as in the Parthenon; but on either side of the cella five fluted Ionie semi-columns projected from the walls, which snpported the timbers of the hypaethron. The frieze of the cella, representing contests between the Cen- taurs and the Lapithae, and between Amazons and Greeks, is now in the British Museum. (Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 490, seq., vol. ii. p. 1, seq.; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, p. 98, seq.; Boblaye, e- cherches, §c., p. 165; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. i. p- 318, seq.)

PHIGAMUS (@cyauots or buyauots), a small coast river in Pontus, flowing into the Euxine 160 stadia west of Polemonium. (Arrian, Peripl. Pont. Eux. p. 16; Anonym. Peripl. P. E. p. 11.) [L.8.]

PHILA, one of the small islands on the south coast of Gallia, which Pliny (iii. 5) enumerates be- tween the Stoechades (Isles d Hiéres) and Lero and Lerina (Les Lérins). Pliny’s words are: “Tres Stoe- chades .. . Ab his Sturium, Phoenice, Phila : Lero et Lerina adversum Antipolim.” There seem to be no means of determining which of the islets between the /sles d Hiéres and Sainte Marguerite represent these three small islands of Pliny. [Lerrxa; LE- RON. [G. L.]

PHILA (#iAa), a frontier fortress of Macedonia towards Magnesia, and distant 5 M. P. from He- racleia, which stood near the mouth of the Peneus, on the left bank. It was occupied by the Romans when their army had penetrated into Pieria by the passes of Olympus from Thessaly. (Liv. xlii. 67, xliv. 2, 3, 7, 8, 34.) Stephanus of Byzantium (s. 0.) asserts that it was built by Demetrius, son of Antigonus Gonatas, and father of Philip, who named it, after his muther, Phila. [E. B. J.]

PHILADELPHEIA (@:Aadeagea: Eth. B:ra- SeAgevds). 1. An important city in the east of Lydia, on the north-western side of Mount Tmolus, and not far from the southern bank of the river Coga- mus, at a distance of 28 miles from Sardes. (Plin. v. 30; /t. Ant. p. 336.) The town was founded by Attalus Philadelphus of Pergamum. (Steph. B. s.v.) Strabo (xiii. p. 628, comp. xii. p. 579), who places it on the borders of Catacecaumene, remarks that it frequently suffered from violent shocks of earthquakes ; the walls and houses were constantly liable to be demolished, and in his time the place had become nearly deserted. During the great earthquake in the reign of Tiberius it was again destroyed. (Tac. Ann. ii. 47.) But in the midst of these calamities Christianity flourished at Phila- delpheia at an early period, as is attested by the book of Revelations (iii. 7). The town, which is men-

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tioned also by Ptolemy (v. 2. § 17) and Hierocles (p- 669), gallantly defended itself against the Turks on more than one oceasion, until at Jength it was conquered by Bajazid in a. p. 1390. (G. Pachym. p. 290; Mich. Due. p. 70; Chalcond. p. 33.) It now bears the name A Uluhsher, but is a mean though considerable town. Many parts of its ancient walls are still standing, and its ruined churches amount to about twenty-four. (Chandler, Travels, p. 310, foll.; Richter, Wallfahrten, p. 513. foll.)

2. A town in the interior of Cilicia Aspera, on the river Calycadnus. above Aphrodisias. (Ptol. v. 8. § 5; Hierocl. p. 710, who mentions it among the episcopal sees of Isauria.) Beaufort ( Karamania, p. 223) supposes the site to be represented by the town of Jfout or Mood, which Leake regards as the site once occupied by Claudiupolis (Asea Amor, p. 17). {L.5.]

3. A town of Palestine in the district of Peraea, east of Jordan, near the river Jabbok, was the later name of Rabbath-Ammon, sometimes called Rabbah only, the ancient capital of the Ammo- nites. (Deut. it. 115; Josh. xiii. 25.) It was besieged by Joab and taken by David. (2 Sam. xi. 1, xii. 26—31; 1 Chron. xx. 1.) It recovered its independence at a later period, and we find the prophets denouncing its destruction. (Jer. xlix. 3; Ezek. xxv. 5.) Subsequently, when this part of Palestine was subject to Aegypt, the city was re- stored by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who gave it the name of Philadelpheia. (Steph. B. s. v.; Euseb. Onom. s. v. ‘Pauaé, ‘Aupav.) Stephanus says that it was originally called Ammana, afterwards Astarte, and lastly Philadelpheia. It is frequently mentioned under its new name hy Josephus (8. J. i. 6. § 3, i. 19. § 5, ii. 18. § 1), and also by Ptolemy (v. 17. § 23), Pliny (v. 18. s. 16), Hierocles (p. 722), and upon coins. (Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 351.) ‘he old name, however, did not go’ out of use, for Poly- bius speaks of the city under the name of Rabbata- mana (‘Pa€6aTapava, v. 71); and the ruins are now called Amman, a name which they also bore in the time of Abulfeda. (Tab. Syr. p. 91.) Burck- hardt has given a description of these ruins, with a plan. The most impurtant are the remains of a large theatre. There are also remains of several temples, some of the columns being three feet and a half mm diameter. A river flows through the ruins of the town, (Burckhardt, Syria, p. 357.)

PHILAE (ai, Strab. i. p. 40, xvii. pp. 803, 818, 820; Diod. i. 22; Ptol. iv. 5. § 74; Senec. Quaest. Nat. iv. 1; Plin. v. 9. s. 10), was, as the number of the word both in the Greek and Latin denotes, the appellation of two small islands situated in lat. 24° N., just above the cataract of Svene. Groskurd (Sérab. vol. iii. p. 399) computes the dis- tance between these islands and Svene at about 6} miles. Philae proper, although the smaller, is, from its numerous and picturesque ruins, the more interesting of the two. It is not more than 1250 English feet, or rather less than a quarter of a mile, long, and abont 400 feet broad. It is composed of Syenite stone: its sides are steep and perhaps escarped by the hand of man, and on their summits was built a lofty wall encompassing the island. For Philae, being accounted one of the burying-places of Osiris, was held in high reverence both by the Aegyptians to the N. and the Aethiopians to the S.: and it was deemed profane for any Lut priests to dwell therein, and was accordingly sequestered and denominated “the unapproachable” (&@a7os,

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