Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/605

 PHARMACUSA.

this remarkable monument. The only account we possess of it, is by Mure, who observes that “ it is, like that of Mycenae, a tumulus, with an interior vault, entered by a door on one side, the access to which was pierced horizontally through the slope of the hill. Its situation, on the summit of a knoll, itself of rather conical form, while it increases tlic apparent size of the tumulus, adds much to its general loftiness and grandeur of effect. The roof of the vault, with the greater part of its material, is now gone, its shape being represented by a round cavity or crater on the summit of the tumulus. The doorway is still entire. It is 6 feet wide at its upper and narrower part. The stone lintel is 15 feet in length. The vault itself was probably between 30 and 40 feet in diameter.” Mure adds: “ Mene- laus is said to have been buried at Amyclae. This may, therefore, have been the royal vault of the Spartan branch, as the Mycenaean monument was of the Argive branch of the Atridan family.” But even if we suppose the monument to have been a sepulchre, and not a treasury, it stood at the distance of 4 or 5 miles from Amyclae, if this town is placed at Aghia Ayriaki, and more than 2 miles, even if placed, according to the French Commission, at. Sklarokhora. (Anryctae.] In addition to this, Menelaus, ac- cording to other accounts, was buried at Therapne. (Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. it. p. 246; Leake, Aforea, vol. iii. p. 3, Peloponnesiaca, p. 354; Curtius, Pelo- ponnesos, vol. ii. p. 248.

PHARMACU’SA (apparoucce), a small island before the entrance of the bay of Iassus, not far from Cape Poseidion; its distance fron Miletus is stated at 120 stadia. In this island Attalus was killed, and near it Julius Caesar was once captured by pirates. (Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. p. 282; Steph. B. s. v.; Suet. Caes. 4; Plut. Caes. 1.) It still bears its ancient name Farmaco. [L.8.]

PHARMATE’NUS (@apparnvés), a small coast river of Pontus, 120 stadia to the west of Pharnacia. (Arrian, Peripl. Pont. Lux. p. 17; Anonym. Peripl. P.E. p. 12.) Hamilton (Researches, i. p. 266) identifies it with the Buzaar Su. [L.$.]

PHARNACIA (apraxia: Eth. Papvaedis), an important city on the coast of Pontus Pelemoniacus, was by sea 150 stadia distant from cape Zephyrium (Arrian, Peripl. Pont. Eux. p. 17; Anonym. Peripl. P. E. p. 12), but by land 24 miles. According to Pliny (vi. 4) it was 80 (180 ?) miles east of Amisus, and 95 or 100 miles west of Trapezus. (Comp. Tab. Peut., where it is called Carnassus for Cerasus, this latter city being confounded with Pharnacia.) It was evidently founded by one Pharnaces, pro- bably the grandfather of Mithridates the Great; and the latter during his wars with the Romans kept his harem at Pharnacia. Its inhabitants were taken fron the neighbouring Cotyura, and the town was strongly fortified. (Strab. xi. p. 548; Plut. Lucull. 18.) The place acquired great prosperity through its commerce and navigation, and through the iron-works of the Chalybes in its vicinity. (Strab. xi. pp. 549, 551.) According to Scylax (p. 33) the site of this town had previously been occu- pied by a Greek colony called Choerades, of which, however, nothing is known. But that he actually conceived Choerades to have occupied the site of Pharnacia, is clear from the mention of the island of Ares (Apews vjcos) in connection with it, for that island is known to have been situated off Pharnacin. (Arrian and Anonym. Peripl. lc.) Arrian is the only one who affims that Pharnacia occupied the

PITANOS, 589

site of Cerasus; and although he is copicd in this instance by the anonymous geographer, yet that writer afterwards correctly places Cerasus 150 stadia further east (p. 13). The error probably arose from a confusion of the names Choerades and Cerasus; but in consequence of this error, the name of Cera- sus was in the middle ages transferred to Pharnacia, which hence still bears the name of Aerasunt or Kerasonde. (Comp. Hamilton, Researches, i. pp. 250, 261, foll.; Cramer, Asia Minor, i. p. 281.) Phamacia is also mentioned by Stephanus Bvyz. (s. v.), several times by Strabo (ii. p. 126, xi. p. 499, xii, pp. 547, 549, 560, xiv. p. 677), and by Prolemy (v. 6.§ 5). Respecting its coins, see Eckhel (Deetr. Num. vol. iii. p. 357). Another town of the same name in Phrygia is mentioned by Stephanus Lyz. (s. v.). : [L.8.]

PHARODINI. [Varint.]

PHAROS (4dpos, Ephorus, ap. Steph. B., Fr. 151; Scyl. p. 8; Seymn. p. 427; Diodor. xv. 13; Strab. vii. p. 315), an island off the coast. of Il- lyricum, which was colonised by Greek settlers from Paros, who, in the first instance, gave it the name of their own island, which was afterwards changed to Pharos. In this settlement, which tovk place B.C. 385, they were assisted by the elder Dionysius. When the Romans declared war against the Mlyrians B c. 229, Demetrius, a Greek of Pharos, betrayed his mistress, Queen Tenta, for which he was re- warded with the greater part of her dominions. (Polyb. ti. 11.) The traitor, relying on his con- nection with the court of Macedon, set the Romans at defiance ; he soon brought the vengeance of the republic upon himself and his native island, which was taken by L. Aemilius in n. c. 219. (Polyb. iii. 16; Zonar. viii. 20.) Vliny (iii. 30) and Ptolemy (ii. 17. § 14) speak of the island and city under the same name, PHarta (apia), and Polybius (1. ¢.) says the latter was strongly fortified. The city, the ancient capital, stood at Stari Grad or Citta Vecchia, to the N. of the island, where re- mains of walls have been found, and coins with the legend @ARION. After the fall of the Roman Empire tbe island continued for a long time in the hands of the Narentine pirates. Its Slavonic name is Hear, a corruption of Pharos; and in Italian it is called Lésina or Liesina. For coins of Pharos see Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 160; Sestini, Afonet. Vet. p. 42 ; Mionnet, vol. ii. p. 46. (Wilkinson, Dalmatia, vol. i. pp- 243—251; Neigebaur, Die Sud-Slaven, pp. 107 —111.) [E. B. JL]

PHAROS (épos, Strab. xvii. p. 791, seq.; Steph. B. s. v.: Eth. bapios), a long narrow strip of rock lying off the northern coast of Aegypt, having the New Port of Alexandreia E. and the Old Harbour SW. (Avexanpre!A, Vol. I. p.97.] Its name is said to have been derived from a certain pilot of Menelaus, who, on his return from the ‘Trojan War, diet there from a serpents bite. Pharos is mention in the Odyssey (iv. 355), and is described as one day’s sail from Aegypt. This account has caused considerable perplexity, since Pharos is actually rather less than a mile from the seaboard of the Delta; and it is not probable that the land, in the course of centuries, has advanced or the sea receded materially. It is per- fectly intelligible, however, if we suppose the author of the Odyssey to mean by Acgyptus, not the country itself but its river, since the Pharos is even now nearly a day’s sail from the Canopic arm of the Nile. Any other theory is untenable; for this por- tion of the coast of the Delta consists of rocky bars aud