Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/603

 PHALERUM.

one time taken possession of Phalasarna, but were compelled by the Romans to give it up. (Polyb. xxiii. 15.)

There are considerable remains of the walls of Phalasarna. They exist in a greater or less degrec of preservation, from its northern side, where it seems to have reached the sea, to its south-western point, cutting off the acropolis and the city along with it as a small promontory. There are other remains, the most curious of which is an enormous chair on the SW. side of the city, cut out of the solid rock; the height of the arms above the seat is 2 feet 11 inches, and its other dimensions are in proportion. It was no doubt dedicated to some deity, probably to Artemis. Near this chair there are a number of tombs, hewn in the solid rock, nearly 30 in number. (Pashley, Travels in Crete, vol. ii. p. 62, seq.)

PHALE’'RUM. [Arrica, pp. 304, 305.]

PHALO'RIA (Liv.; adrdipn, PoAdpera, Steph. B. s.v.: Eth. dadwpet’s, badrwpelrys), a town of His- tiaeotis in Thessaly, apparently between Tricca and the Macedonian frontier. Leake places it in one of the valleys which intersect the mountains to the northward of Trikkala, either at Sklatina or at Ardhim. (Liv. xxxii. 15, xsxvi. 13, xxxix. 25; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. pp. 528, 529.)

PHALYCUM (@2aAv«ov), a town of Megaris mentioned by Theophrastus (/7ist. Pl. ii. 8), is clearly the same place as the Alycum (“AAvxov) of Plutarch, who relates that it derived its name from a, son of Sciron, who was buried there. (Thes. 32.) It perhaps stood at the entrance of the Scironian pass, where Dodwell (vol. ii. p. 179) noticed some ancient vestiges, which he erroneously supposed to be those of Tripodiscus. [Trrpoptscus. |

PHANA, a town in Aetolia. [PAEANIA.]

PHANAE. [Cxtos, p. 609. ]

PHANAGO'RIA (@avayopia, Strab. xi. p. 494; Ptol. v. 9. § 6; 7 bavaydpea, Ta Pavoydpera, Hecat. ap. Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. xi. p. 495; Scymn. Ch. 891; Arrian, ap. Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 306, 549; dawaydpn, Dionys. Per. 552; comp. Priscian, 565; Avien. 753; Pavaydpa, Steph. B. s. v. Tav- pith; Pavarydpov méAis, Scylax, p. 31; Anonym. Peripl. P. Eux. p. 2; Phanagorus, Amm. Mare. xxii. 8; davaryoupts, Procop. B. Goth. iv. 5: Eth. Pavaryopevs, less correctly Pavayopeitys, Steph. B. s. v.), 2 Greek city on the Asiatic side of the Cim- merian Bosporus, founded by the Teians under Phanagorus or Phanagoras. who fled thither from the Persians. (Eustath. ad Dionys. Per.; Scymn. Ch., Steph. B., Peripl. P. Eux. Ul. cc.) It was situated upon an island, now called Zaman, formed by the main branch of the Anticites (Kuban), which flows into the Black Sea, and a smaller branch, which falls into the sea of Azof. The main branch of the Auban forins a lake before it enters the sea, called in ancient tires Corocondamitis (Strab. xi. p. 49-+), now the Kubanskoi Liman, on the left of which, entering from the sea, stood Phanagoria. (Strab. xi. p. 495; respecting Phanagoria being upon an island, see Steph. B., Eustath. Amm. Marc., [. ¢.) The city became the great emporium for all the traflic between the coast of the Palus Maeotis and the countries on the southern side of the Caucasus, and was chosen by the kings of Bosporus as their capital in Asia, Panticapaeum being their capitalin Europe. (Strab., Steph. B., Zc.) It was at Phanagoria that the insurrection broke out against Mithridates the Great, shortly before his death ; and his sons, who held the citadel, were obliged to surrender to the

PHARAE. 587 insurgents. (Appian, A/ithr. 108; Dict. of Biogr. Vol. If. p. 1102, b.) In the sixth century of our era, Phanagoria was taken by the neighbouring bar- barians and destroyed. (Procop. B. Goth. iv. 5.) The most, remarkable building in Phanagoria seems to have been a temple of Aphrodite, surnamed Apa- turus (Aza@roupos), because the goddess, when at- tacked by the giants in this place, is said to have summoned Hercules to her aid, and then to have concealed him and to have handed over the giants separately to him to be slain (SoAogovety ef ararys, Strab. xi. p. 495; Steph. B. s. v. ’Amdzoupor ; Béckh, Inscr. No. 2120.) We learn from an in- scription that this temple was repaired by Sauro- mates, one of the kings of Bosporus. The site of Phanagoria is now only a mass of bricks and pot- tery; and there is no-building above ground. One cause of the disappearance of all the ancient monu- ments at Phanagoria was the foundation in its neighbourhood at an early period of the Russian colony of Tmutarakin. Dutour noticed traces of towers towards the eastern extremity of the town, where the citadel probably stood. The town of Ta- man contains several ancient remains, inscriptions, fragments of columns, &c., which have been brought from Phanagoria. There are numerous tombs above the site of Phanagoria, but they have not been ex- plored like those at Panticapaeum. In one of them, however, which was opened towards the end of last century there was found a bracelet of the purest massive gold, representing the body of a serpent, having two heads, which were studded with rubies so as to imitate eyes and also ornamented with rows of gems. It weighed three-quarters of a pound. (Clarke, Travels, vol. i. p. 394, seq.; Pallas, Jtezsen, vol. it. p. 286, &c.; Dubois, Voyage autour du Cau- case, vol. v. p. 64, seq.; Ukert, vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 491.)

PHANAROEA (@avdpor), a broad and exten- sive valley in Pontus, watered by the rivers Iris, Lycus, and Scylas, and enclosed between the chain of Paryadres to the east, and Mounts Lithrus and Ophlimus te the west. The soil there was the best in Pontus, and yielded excellent wine and oil and other produce in abundance. (Strab. ii. p. 73, xil. pp. 547, 556, 559; Plin. vi. 4; Ptol. v. 6. § 3, where it is erroneously called Phanagoria.) Phanaroea contained the towns of Enpatoria, Cabira, Polemonium, and others. [Ponrus.J] [L.8.]

PHA’NOTE (Eth. Bavorets, Pol.), a strongly fortified town of Chaonia in Epirus, and a place of mnilitary importance. It stood on the site of the modern Gardhiki, which is situated in the midst of a valley surrounded by an amphitheatre of moun- tains, through which there are only two narrow passes. It lies about halfway between the sea and the Antigonean passes, and was therefore of im- portance to the Romans when they were advancing from Illyria in B. c. 169. (Liv. xliii. 23; Pol. xxvii. 14; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 72, seq.)

PHANOTEUS. [Paxoprvs.]

PHARAE (4apat). 1. Sometimes Prara (Sapa, Strab. viii. p. 388; Pherae, Plin. iv. 6; dapees, Herod. i. 145, properly the name of the people: Eth. Popieds, Strab. l. c.; Papcueds, Polyb. iv. 6; Steph. I. s. v.: the territory 4 bepany, Strab. U.c.; Polyb. iv. 59), a town of Achaia, and one of the twelve Achaean citics, was situated on the river Pierus or Peirus, 70 stadia from the sea, and 150 stadia from Patrae. It was one of the four cities which took the lead in restoring the Achacan League in pr. c. 280. In the Social War (b. c. 220, seq.) it