Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/576

 5 GO PEDASUS. the river Satnioels, the supposition is impossi- ble [L. S.] PEDASUS. [Methone.] PEDIAEUS {UeSialos). the largest river of Cy- prus, rising from the eiistern side of Olympus, and flowing near Salamis into the sea. (Ptol. v. 14. § 3; Engel, Kypros, vol. i. p. 37.) PEDIEIS (rifSieTs), the inhabitants of one of the Phocian towns destroyed by Xerxes. (Herod, viii. 33.) From the order in which it stands in the enumeration of Herodotus, it appears to have stood near the Cephissus, in some part of the plain be- tween Tithorea and Elateia, and is perhaps re- presented by the ruins at Palea Fiva. (Leake, l^orthern Greece, vol. ii. p. 89.) PEDNELISSUS {UiZv-nXiaais), a town in the interior of Pisidia, near the Eurymedon, above Aspen- dus(Strab. sii. p. .570;xiv. p. 667; Steph. B. s.v.; Ptol. V. 5. § 8.) Hierocles (p. 681), giving a greater extension to Pamphylia, assigns the town to this province. The town formed a small state by itself, but was always involved in war with the neighbouring Selge. (Polyb. v. 72, &c.) It is also mentioned in the ecclesiastical ann.als and on coins. (Sestini, p. 96.) Fellows {Asia Minor, p. 196, &c.) is inclined to identify the extensive ruins near the village of Bolcascooe with the an- cient Pednelissus; these ruins, however, according to his description, bear scarcely any trace of Greek origin, but belong to the Roman period. [L. S.] PEDO'NIA (u-n^uvia), a town on the coast of Marmarica, before which lay an island of the same name. (Ptol. iv. .5. §§ 32, 75.) Tliis island is also mentioned by Strabo, but in some editions under the name of Sidonia (xvii. p. 799). We may, however, conclude from Ptolemy that Pedonia is the correct reading. (See Groskurd's Strabo, vol iii. p. 357.) PEDUM (ne'5a, Steph. B. : Elh. HsSai'd?, Pe- danus : Gallicano), an ancient city of Latium, which appears to have been at one period of considerable importance. It is mentioned by Dionysins as one of the cities which composed the league against Rome in B. c. 493; and there is no doubt that it was, in fact, one of the thirty cities of the Latin League. (l)ionys. V. 61; Niebuhr, vol. ii. p. 17.) It is next mentioned among the cities which are said to have been taken by Coriolanus .in the campaign of B. c. 488, where its name is a.ssociated with those of Labicum and Corbio. (Liv. ii. 39; Dionys. viii. 19; Pint. Coriol. 28.) Dionysius terms it at this time a small city {lb. 26); and it is remarkable th.it its name does not again occur during the wars of the Romans with the Aequians, notwithstanding its proximity to the frontier of the two nations. It is next mentioned in b. c. 358, when the Gauls, who had invaded Latium, encamped in its neighbour- hood, where they sustained a severe defeat from the dictator C. Sulpicius. (Liv. vii. 12.) During the last great struggle of the Latins with Rome, the Pedani bear a more considerable part. Their name, indeed, is not mentioned at the first outbreak of the war, though there can be no doubt of their having taken part in it; but, in b. c. 339, Pedum became for a time the centre of hostilities, being besieged by the Roman consul Aemilius, and defended by the allied forces assembled from Tibur, Praeneste, Veli- trae, Lanuviuin, and Antium. Aemilius on this occasion abandoned the enterprise ; but the next year Camillus again advanced to Pedum, and, the forces of the Latins being now divided, the Tiburtines and Praenestines alone airived for its protection. They PEGAE were defe.ated in a great battle by Camillus, and the city of Pedum taken by assault immediately after- wards. (Liv. viii. 12, 13; Fast. Capit.) In the general pacification that followed the Pedani obtained the Roman franchise, but on the same terms as tiie Lanuvians, that is to say, without the right of the suffrage, {lb. 14.) From this time not only does the name of the people disappear from history, but we find no subsequent mention of the town of Pedum, which appears to have rapidly fallen into decay. The " Pedanus ager," or " regio Pedana," is alluded to both by Cicero and Horace; but in Pliny's time even the " populus" had become utterly extinct, and we find no subsequent trace of the name. (Cic. ad Att. ix. 15; Hor. Ep. i. 4. 2; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) Hence the only clue to its position is derived from the passages already cited, and from the statement of the old scliohast on Horace (Schol. Cruq. ad I. c.) that it was situated between Tibur and Praeneste. Its proximity to those cities is distinctly attested by Livy (viii. 13), and there seems no reason to reject the opinion first advanced by Cluverius, and adopted by Gell, Nibby, and Abeken, which would place Pedum on the site of Gallicano, though we havu certainly no conclu.sive evidence in its favour. The modern village of Gallicano, the name of which first occurs in the tenth century, in all probability occupie i an ancient site; it stands on a narrow tongue of land projecting between two narrow valleys or ravines with lofty and precipitous banks; but, from the pe- culiar nature of the country, this position almost exactly resembles that oi Zagarolo and other neigh- bouring places. No ruins exist at Gallicano ; and from the early decay of Pedum we can hardly expect to meet with inscriptions, the only evidence that can really set the question at rest. Gallicano is 4-J- miles from Palestrina (Praeneste), and about the same distance from La Colonna (Labicum); it is about a mile on the left of the Via Praenestina, and 19 miles from Rome. (Cluver, Ital. p. 966; Gell, Top. uf Ro I e, p. 340 ; Nibby, J)intorni, vol. ii. p. 552 ; Abeken, 3fitiel Ttalien, p. 77.) [E. H. B.] PEGAE or PAGAE {n-nyai, Dor. nayai : Eth. Ha.ya.'ios'), a town of Megaris. on the Alcyonian or Corinthian gulf. It was the harbour of Megaris on the western coast, and was the most important place in the country next to the capital. According to Strabo (viii. p. 334) it was situated on the nar- rowest part of the Megaric isthmus, the distance from Pagae to Nisaea being 120 stadia. When the Megarians joined Athens in B.C. 455, the Athenians garrisoned Pegae, and its harbour was of service to them in sending out an expedition against the northern coast of Peloponnesus. (Thuc. i. 103, 111.) The Athenians retained possession of Pegae a short time after Megara revolted from them in b. c. 454 ; but, by the thirty years' truce made in the same year, they surrendered the place to the Megarians. (Thuc. i. 114, 115.) At one period of the Pelo- ponnesian War (b. c. 424) we find Pegae held by the aristocratical exiles from Megara. (Thuc. iv. 66.) Pegae continued to exist till a late period, and under the Roman emperors was a place of suffi- cient importance to coin its own money. Strabo (viii. p. 380) calls it rh rcuv Meyapfujy (ppovpiov. Pausanias saw there a chapel of the hero Aegialeus, who fell at Glisas in the second expedition of the Argives against Thebes, but who was buried at tliis place. He also saw near the road to Pegae, a rock covered with marks of arrows, which were supposed to have been made by a body of the Persian cavalry