Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/565

 PARACANDA. Ares, and who may, accordingly, have been the object of Papremite worship. In the Papremite nome a battle was fought between the Persians and Aegyptians, in which the satrap Achaemenes was defeated by Inarus, king of Lower Aegypt, b. c. 460. (Herod, ili. 12, comp. vii. 7; Ctesins, Excerpt. Persic, c. 32; Thuc. i. 104, 109.) It is useless to speculate which of the various mounds of ruins in the Delta cover the site of a town whose exact situation cannot be discovered. [W. B. D.] PARACANDA. [Maeacanda.] PARACHELOI'TIS. [Aetolia, p. 63, a. ] PARACHOATRAS (6 UapaxodBpas, Ptol. vi. 2. § 3, 4. § 1), the great south-eastern chain of the Taurus, which under various names extended from the Caspian Sea to the province of Persis The por- tion so called appears to have been the central part between the mountains of Media Atropatene on the N. and those of Persis on the S. Of this portion M. Orontes (now Elwerul) was the most considerable. Ancient geographers are not clear as to the extent to which the local names prevailed. Thus Strabo evidently places the Parachoathras far to the N., and seems to have considered it a prolongation of the Anti- Taurus in the direction of N. Media and Hyrcania (xi. pp. 511, 514, 522). Ptolemy seems to have considered it a continuation towards the S. of the portion of the Anti-Taurus which was called M. Jasonius. [V.] PARADA, a town in Africa Propria, on the road from Thapsus to Utica. (Hirt. B. Afr. 87.) It may perhaps be identical with the town of ^apa, mentioned by Strabo (xvii. p. 831). Mannert (s. 2. p. 374) places it on Mount Zowan. [T. H. D.] PARAEBA'SIUM. [Megalopolis, p. 310, b.] PARAEPAPHI'TIS {napmiracplris), a district of ancient Carmania Deserta (now Kirmdn) men- tioned by Ptolemy (vi. 8. § 12). [V.] PARAETACE'NE (napatraK7]vi)), a district of ancient Persis which extended along the whole of its N. frontier in the direction of Media IIagna, to which, indeed, it in part belonged. The name is first mentioned by Herodotus, who calls one of the tribes of the Medians Paraetaceni (i. 101). The .same district comprehended what are now called the Bakhtyari mountains and tribes. The whole coun- tiy was rugged and mountainous (Strab. ii. p. 80, xi. p. 522, XT. p. 723; Plin. vi. 27. s. 31), and appears to have been inhabited, like the adjacent province of Cossaea, by wild and robber tribes (xvi. p. 744). The inhabitants were called Paraetaceni (Herod. I. c. Strab. I. c. sv. p. 732) or Paraetacae (Strab. XV. p. 736 ; Arrian, iii. 19). There has been considerable discussion with regard to the ori- gin of this name. The best determination seems to be that it is derived from a Persian word, Faruta, signifying mountain; and this again from the San- scrit Parvata, It will be observed that while Hero- dotus gives the Paraetaceni a Median origin {I. c), and Stephanus B. calls Paraetaca a Median town, Strabo gives one portion of the district so named to the Assyrian province of Apolloniatis or Sittacene (xvi. p. 736). There were, however, other places of the same name at considerable distances from the Jledian or Persian province. Thus, one is mentioned between Bactriana and Sogdiana, between the Oxus aud JaxartPs (Arrian, iv. 21 ; Curt. viii. 14. 17), and another between Drangiana and Araehosia. (Isid. Char. p. 8.) In India, too, we find the Paryeti Montes, one of the outlying spurs of the still greater chain of the Paropamisus (or Ilindit Kush). (Las- PARAPO TAMIL .'549 sen, in Ersch and Griiber, Encycl. s. v. Pnraeta- cene.') [v.] PARAETO'NIUM (JlapanSviov, Scyl. p. 44 ; Strab. xvii. p. 799 ; Pomp. Mela, i. 8. § 2; Plin. v! 5; Ptol. iv. 5. § 4; Steph. B.; Itin. Anton.-. Hiero- cles), a town of Marmarica, which was also called Ammonia. {'Afi/xuvia, Strab. /. c.) Its celebrity was owing to its spacious harbour, extending to 40 stadia (Strab. I. c; comp. Diod. i. 31), but which appears to have been difijcult to make. (Lucian, Quomodo historia sit canscribenda, 62.) Parae- tonium was 1300 stadia (Strab. Z. c; 1550 stadia, Stadiasm. § 19) from Alexandreia. From this point Alexander, b. c. 332, set out to visit the oracle of Ammon. (Arrian, Anab. iv. 3. § 3.) Wlien the " world's debate " was decided at Actium, An- tonius stopped at Paraetonium, where some Roman troops were stationed under Pinarius f .r the defence of Aegypt. {¥ut. Anton. 70; Flor. iv. 11.) The name occurs in Latin poetry. (Ovid, Met. ix. 772, Amores, ii. 13. 7; Lucan. iii. 295.) Justinian for- tified it as a frontier fortress to protect Aegypt from attacks on the W. (Procop.(7€^edvi.2.) An imperial coin of the elder Faustina has been assigned to this place, but on insufficient grounds. (Eckhel, vol. iv. p. 116.) When the Aoulad Alt/ were sovereigns over this district, the site, where there were ancient remains, retained the name of Baretoun; but after their expulsion by the pasha of Aegypt, it was called Berek Mai-sah. (Pacho, Voyage dans la Marmarique, p. 28.) [E. B. J.] PARAGON SINUS (Uapdyaiv ko'Attos, Ptol. vi. 8. § 7; Marcian, c. 28. ed. Miiller), a gulf on the shore of Gedrosia, a little way beyond the Prom. Carpella (now Cape Bombareek), according to Pto- lemy. Marcian states that it was of considerable size, and extended as far as the promontory called Alambater (now Eds Gnadel) and the island of Liba or Ziba. It appears to have been in that part of Gedrosia which was inhabited by the Ichthyophagi : it is not, however, noticed in Nearchus's voyage. [V.] PARALA'IS (ITapaAais), a town of Lycaonia, and, as its name seems to indicate, situated near a lake. (Ptol. V. 6. § 16.) There are coins bearing the in- scription "Jul. Aug. Col. Parlais" (Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 33. foil.), from which it appears that the place was made a Roman colony. But as the town and its elevation to the rank of a colony is not mentioned elsewhere, it has been supposed that the coins are either forced or have been incorrectly read [L.S.] PARA'LIA, or PA'RALUS. [Attica, p. 322.} PARA'LIA, PARA'XLA [Chalcidice, Vol. 1. p. 598, a.] PARAMBOLE (Paramvole, Itin. Hieros. p. 568 ; Parembole, Acta S. Alex. Wessei. p. 568), a town of Thrace, on the river Hebrus, still called Parem- bolis, according to Palma. [T. H. D.] PARAPIO'TAE (nopaTriwTai), an Indian tribe mentioned by Ptolemy (vii. 1. § 65), and placed by him on the slopes of the Vindius M. ( Vimlhya Ms.) along the banks of the Namadus {JVerbtulda'). Lassen, in his Map of Ancient India, places them along the upper .sources of the same river. [ V.] PARAPOTA'MII (napawordfiioi, Strab. Pans. ; TlapaTrorafiia, Steph. B. s. v. : Eth. napairoTo.fxiot'), a town of Phocis on the left bank of the Cephissus (whence its name), and near the frontier of Bceotia. Its position is described in a passage of Thcopompus, preserved by Strabo, who says that it stood at a di.stance of 40 stadia from Cliaeroneia, in the en- trance from Boeotia into Phocis, on a height of a 2i H