Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/559

 PANOrOLIS. vurna (Chaeroneia), hut as much as 27 stadia from Dhavlia (Daulis). Panopeus was a very an- cient town, originally inhabited by the Phlefjyae. "Schedius, the king of Panopeus, and his brotijer, were the leaders of the Phocians in the Trojan War. (Paus. X. 4. § 1.) Panopeus was also celebrated for the grave of Tityus, who was slain by Apollo at this place, because he attempted to offer violence to Leto on her way to Delphi. (Horn. Od. x. 576 ; Paus. X. 4. § .5.) Panopeus was destroyed by Xerxes (Henjd. viii. 34), and a<;ain by Philip at the close of the Sacred War. (Paus. x. 3. § 1.) It was taken by the Komans in B.C. 198, on the first attack (Liv. xxxii. 18; Polyb. v. 96); and was de.stroyed for the third time in the campaign between Sulla and Archelaus, the general of Mith- ridates. (Plut. Sull. 16.) Pausanias says that the ancient city was 7 stadia in circuit ; but in his time the place consisted of only a few huts, situ- ated on the side of a torrent. There are still con- siderable remains of the ancient walls upon the rocky heights above Aio Vlasi. The masonry is of different periods, as one might have expected from the twofold destruction of the city. There are no longer any remains of the tomb of Tityus. which, according to Pausanias. was the third of a stadium in circumference, and stood on the side of the torrent. Pausanias also mentions on the side of the Sacred Way a building of unbaked bricks, containing a siatue of Pentelic marble, which was supposed to be intended either for Asclepius or Prometheus. It was believed by some that Prometheus made the human race out of the sandy-coloured rocks in the neighbourhood, and that they still .smelt like human flesh. (Dodwell, Classical' Tour, vol. i. p. 207; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 109 ; Ulrichs, Reisen, 4'C. p. 151.) PAXO'POLIS {nav6vois, Diodor. i. 18; Ptol. iv. 5. § 72; Tlavwv it6is, Strab. xvii. p. 813; Tlavhs itoKls, Steph. B. «. v.; sometimes simply Tlav6s, Hierocl. p. 731; It. Anton, p. 166: Etii. Xa.vonoirr)s'), the Greek equivalent of the Aegyp- tian appellative Chemmis or Chemmo (Herod, ii. 91, 145, seq.; Diodor. I. c), was a very ancient city of the Thebaid, lat. 26° 40' N. [Chemmls.] Pano- polis was dedicated to Chem or Pan, one of the first Octad of the Aegyptian divinities, or, according to a later theory, to the Panes and Satyri generally of Upper Aegypt. (Plut. Is. et Osir. c. 14.) Ste- phanus of Byzantium describes the Chem or Pan of this city as an Ithyphallic god, the same whose representation occurs so frequently among the sculp- tures of Thebes. His face was human, like that of Ammon; his head-dress, like that of Ammon, con- sisted of long straight feathers, and over the fingers of his right hand, which is lifted up, is suspended a scourge; the body, like that of Ammon also, in- cluding the left arm, is swathed in bandages. An inscription on the Kosseir road is the ground for supposing that Chem and Pan were the same deity; and that Chemmis and Panopolis were respectively the Aegvptian and Greek names for the .same city is inferred from Diodorus (/. c.) Panopolis stood on the right bank of the Nile, and was the capital of the Nomos Panopulites. According to Strabo (^l.c.) it was inhabited principally by stonemasons and linen-weavers; and Agatliias (iv. p. 133) says that it wiis the birthplace of the poet Nonnus a. d. 410. Although a principal site of Punic worship, Panopolis was celebrated for its temple of Perseus. From He- -odotus (vi. 53) we know that the Dorian chieftains PANORMUS. 543 deduced their origin from Perseus through Aesypt. It is difficult to say which of the native Aegyptian gods was represented by Perseus. From the root ot the word — Hepdu, to burn — it is probai)le, however, that lie is the same with the fire-god Hephaistos or Phtah. The Panopnlite temple of Perseus was rec- tangular, and surrounded by a wall around which was a plantation of palm-tree.s. At the entrance of the enclosure were two lofty gateways of stone, and upon these were placed colossal statues in human form. Within the adytum was a statue of Perseus, and there also was laid up his sandal, two cubits long. The priests of Panopolis asserted that Perseus occa- sionally visited his temple, and that his epiphanies were always the omens of an abundant harvest to Aegypt. The sandals of Perseus are described by Hesiod (Scut. Here. 220), and their deposition in the shrine implied that, having left his abode for a season, he was traversing the land to bless it with especial fertility. The modem name of Panopolis is Akhmim. an evident corruption of Chemmis. The ruins, in respect of its ancient splendour, are incon- siderable. It is probable, indeed, that Panopolis, like Abydos and other of the older cities of Upper Aegypt, declined in prosperity as Thebes rose to metropolitan importance. (Champollion, VEgypte, vol. i. p. 267; Pococke, Travels, p. 115; Slinutoli, p. 243.) [W. B. D.] PANORMUS {nivopixoi : Eth. UavopixW-qs, Panormitanus: Palermo), one of the most important cities of Sicily, situated on the N. coast of the island, about 50 miles from its NW. extremity, on an ex- tensive bay, which is now known as the Gulf of Pa- lermo. The name is evidently Greek, and derived from the excellence of its port, or, more strictly speaking, of the anchor.age in its spacious bay. (Diod. xxii. 10.) But Panormus was not a Greek colony; it was undoubtedly of Phoenician origin, and appears to have been one of the earliest settle- ments of that people in Sicily. Hence, wlien the in- creasing power of the Greek colonies in the island compelled the Phoenicians to concentrate themselves in its more westerly portion, Panornms, together with Motya and Solus, became one of the chief seats of their power. (Thuc. vi. 2.) We find no mention of the Phoenician name of Panormus, though it may fairly be presumed that this Greek appellation was not that used by the colonists themselves. It would be natural enough to suppose that the Greek name was only a tr.anslation of the Phoenician one ; but the Punic form of the name, which is found on coins, is read " Machanath," which signifies " a camp," like the Roman Castra, and has no reference to the port. (Gesenius, Monum. Phoen. p. 288 ; Mover's Pho- nizier, vol. iii. p. 335.) We have no account of the early history of any of these Phoenician colonies in Sicily, or of the process by which they were detached from the dependence of the mother country and became dependencies of Carthage ; though it is probable that the change took place when Phoenicia itself became subjett to the Persian monarchy. But it is certain that Car- tilage already held this kind of supremacy over the Sicilian colonies when we first meet with the nanie of Panormus in history. This is not till n. c. 480, when the great Carthaginian ariiiaiiH-iit under lla- milcar landed there and made it their hcad-quartera before advancing against Ilimera. (Diod. xi. 20.) From this time it bore an iinjiortant part in the wars of the Carthaginians in Sicily, and seems to have gradua'.'.y become ti* acknowledged capital of their