Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/556

 540 PAXEAS. j.ib on the Bidaspes (Vipdsa) (vii. 1. § 46). It is clear from a comparison of the two names that they refer to the same ori<;inal Indian dynasty, who were known by the name of tlie Pandavas, and who ap- pear to have been extended very widely over India. At the time of the invasion of Alexander, the district in the Punjab belonged to king Ponis. (Strab. sv. p. 686; Lassen, Ind. Alterth. Geschichte der Pan- dam, p. 6.5-2.) [V.] PANEAS, PANIAS, or PANEIAS (Jlav^ds, riai'ias. Tlaviias, Hierocl. p. 716), more usually called either Caesareia P^u^eas (Kaiaipda. Xla- vias or riai'ia?, Joseph. Ant. xviii. 2. § 3, B. Jud. ii. 9. § 1; Ptol. V. 15. § 21 ; Plin. v. 15. .s. 15; Sozom. v. 21; on coins, K. inrh Tlaviiw and irphs Tlaviio); in Steph. B. incorrectly Trpos t^ Xlaviahi) or Caesaueia Piiilippi (K. ?; ^lAiinrov, Matth.xvi. 13; Mark, viii. 27; Joseph. Ant xx. 8. § 4, B.J. iii. 8. § 7, 2. § 1; Eu.seb. //. E. vii. 17), a city in the north of Palestine, called by Ptolemy and Hier- ocles (II. cc.) a city of Phoenicia, situated upon one of the sources of the Jordan, at the foot of Jit, Panium, one of the brandies of Lebanon. Jit Panium contained a cave sacred to Pan, whence it derived its name. (Philostorg. vii. 7.) At this spot Herod erected a temple in honour of Augustus. (Joseph. Ant. xv. 10. § 3. 5. J. i. 21. § 3.) Paneas was supposed by many to have been the town of Laish, afterwards called Dan; but Eusebius and Jerome state that they were separate cities, distant 4 miles from each other. (Reland, Palaestina, p. 918, seq.) Paneas was rebuilt by Philip the Tetrarch, who called it Caesareia in honour of the Eoman emperor, and gave it the surname of Philippi to distinguish it from the other Caesareia in Pales- tine. (Joseph. Ant. xviii. 2. § 3, B. J. ii. 9. § 1.) It was subsequently called Neronias by Herod Agrippa in honour of the emperor Nero. (Joseph. Ant. XX. 8. § 4; Coins.) According to ecclesias- tical tradition it was the residence of the women diseased with an issue of blood. (^Matth. ix. 20 ; Euseb. //. E. vii. 18; Sozom. v. 21; Theoph. Chronogr. 41 ; Phot. cod. 271.) Under the Christians Paneas became a bishopric. It is still called Banids, and contains now only 150 houses. On the NE. side of the village the river, supposed to be the principal source of the Jordan, issues from a spacious cavern under a wall of rock. Around this source are many hewn stones. In the face of the perpendicular rock, directly over the cavern and in other parts, several niches have been cut, apparently to receive statues. Each of these niches had once an inscription; and one of them, copied by Burck- hardt, appears to have been a dedication by a priest of Pan. There can be no doubt that this cavern is the cave of Pan mentioned above; and the hewn stones around the spring may have belonged perhaps to the temple of Augustus. This spring was con- sidered by Josephus to be the outlet of a small lake called Phiala, situated 120 stadia from Paneas to- wards Trachonitis or the NE. Respecting this lake see Vol. II. p. 519, b. (Reland, Palaestina, p. 918, seq.; Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 339, .seq.; Burckhardt, Syria, p. 37, seq.; Ro- binson, Bibl. Res. vol. iii. p. 347, seq.) PANE'PHYSIS (nauecpvffis, Ptol. iv. 5. § 52), a town of Egypt, mentioned by recent writers only, with the single exception of Ptolemy {nav4<pvaos, Cone. Ephes. p. 478 ; navftparos, Cassian. Cvllat. xi. 3). It probably therefore bore another appel- lation in more ancient times. JIannprt (vol. x. PAXISSA. pt. 2. p. 580) believes it to have been the city of Diospolis in the Delta; and he agrees with Cham- pollion (JErjiipte, vol. ii. p. 130) in identifying it with the modern 3fenzaleh. It stood between the Tanitic and Mendesian arms of the Nile, a little SE. of the Ostium Mendesium. Ptolemy (/. c.) says that it was the capital of a nome, which he alone mentions and denominates Neout. Panephysis may have been either the suiTiving suburb of a de- cayed Deltaic town, or one of the hamlets which sprang up among the ruins of a more ancient city. [W. B D.] PANGAEUM, PANGAEUS (rb Uayyaiov or VlayyoLov opos, 6 Hdyyaios, Herod, v. 16, vii. 112, 113; Thuc. ii. 99; Aesch. Pers. 494; Pind. Py^A. iv. 320; Eurip. Jike.'i. 922,972; Dion Cass, x'ivii. 35; Appian, B. C. iv. 87, 106; Plin. iv. 18; A'irg. Georg. iv. 462; Lucan, i. 679), the great moun- tain of Macedonia, which, under the modern name of Piriuiri, stretching to the E. from the left bank of the Strymon at the pass of Ampbipolis, bounds all the eastern portion of the great Strymonic basin on the S., and near Prdrista meets the ridges which enclose the same basin on the E. Pangaeum produced gold as well as silver (Herod, vii. 112; Appian, B. C. iv. 106); and its slopes were covered in summer with the Bosa centifoUa. (Plin. xxi. 10; Theoph. H. P. vi. 6; Athen. xv. p. 682.) The mines were chiefly in the hands of the Tha- sians ; the other peoples who, according to Herodo- tus (l. c), worked Pangaeum, were the Pieres and Odomanti, but particularly the Satrae, who bordered on the mountain. None of their money has reached US; but to the Pangaean silver mines may be traced a large coin of Geta, king of the Edones. [Edones.] (Leake, Nortliern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 176, 190, 212.) [E.B.J.] PANHELLE'NES. [Gkaecia, Vol.1, p. 1010.] PANIO'NIUJI {Xlaviuviov'), a place on the west- em slope of Mount Mycale, in the territory of Priene, containing the common national sanctuary of Po- seidon, at which the lonians held their regular meetings, from which circumstance the place de- rived its name. It was situated at a distance of 3 stadia from the sea-coast. (Strab. xiv. p. 639 ; Herod, i. 141, foil.; Mela, i. 17; Pli.n. v. 31; Paus. vii. 5. § 1.) The Panionium was properly speaking only a grove, with such buildings as were necessary to accommodate strangers. Stephanus B. is the only writer who calls it a town, and even mentions the Ethnic designation of its citizens. The preparations for the meeting and the management of the games devolved upon the inhabitants of Priene. The earlier travellers and geographers looked for the site of the Panionium in some place near the modern vil- lage of Tsliangli; but Col. Leake (^Asia Minor, p. 260) observes: "The uninhabitable aspect of the rocks and forests of Mycale, from Cape Trogilium to the modern Tshangli, is such as to make it im- possible to fix upon any spot, either on the face or at the foot of that mountain, at which Panionium can well be supposed to have stood. Tshangli, on the other hand, situated in a delightful and well watered valley, was admirably suited to the Pani- onian festival: and here Sir William Gell found, in a church on the sea-shore, an inscription in which he distinguished the name of Panionium twice. I conceive, therefore, that there can be little doubt of Tshangli being on the site of Panionium." [L.S.] PANISSA, a river on the E. coast of Thrace. (Plin. iv. 11. s. 18.) [T. H.D.]