Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/554

 538 TAMPHYLIA. stadia from each, was burnt by Philip in b. c. 218. (Polyb. V. 8, 13 ; for details .•-ce Thermum.) PAMPHY'LIA (nafipvAia), a country on the south coast of Asia Jlinor, bordering in the west on Lycia, in the north on Pisidia, and in the east on Cilicia. The countiy, consisting of only a narrow strip of coast, forms an arch round the bay, which is called after it the Pamphylius Sinus or the Pam- phylium JIare. According to Pliny (v. 26) the country was originally called Mopsopsia, from Mopsus, a leader of one of those bands of Greeks who after the Trojan War are said to have settled in Pam- phvlia, Cilicia, and Syria. (Strab. xiv. p. 668; comp. Scyhix, p. 39 ; Ptol.'v. 5 ; Dionys. Per. 850, &c. ; Pomp. Jlela, i. 14 ; Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. § 194, &c.; Hierocl. p. 679, &c.) Pamphylia, according to Strabo, extended from Olbia to Ptolemais, a line measuring 640 stadia, or about 18 geographical miles : the breadth of the country, from the coast towards the interior, was nowhere above a few miles. In later times, however, the Romans applied the name Pam- phylia in such a manner as to embrace Pisidia on both sides of I^Iount Taurus, which does not appear as a distinct proince of the empire until the new division under Constantine was made. This accounts for the fact of Polybius (xsii. 27) doubting whether Pamphylia (in the Roman sense) was one of the countries beyond or this side of Mount Taurus; for Pisidia, in its narrower sense, is unquestionably a country beyond Jlount Taurus. (Comp. Strab. xii. p. 570, xiv. p. 632, xv. p 685.) In this latter sense Pamphylia was separated from Lycia by Mount Climax, and from Cilicia by the river Melas, and accordingly embraced the districts called in modern times Tekke and the coast district of Itshil. But these limits were not always strictly observed ; for Olbia and Perge are described by some writers as belonging to Lycia (Scylax, p. 39); while Ptolemais, beyond the Melas, which is generally regarded as belonging to Pamphylia, is assigned by some to Ci- licia. The country of Pamphylia is, on the whole, very mountainous ; for the ramifications of Mount Taurus rise in some parts on the coast itself, and in others at a distance of only a few miles from it. There is only one great promontory on the coast, viz. Leucotheum, or Leucolla. The principal rivers, all of which discharge their waters into the Pamphylian bay, are the Catarkhactks, Cestrus, Eury- MEDON, and Melas, all of which are navigable. The coast district between the Cestrus and Eury- medon contains the lake Capria, which is of con- siderable extent. The inhabitants of Pamphylia, Pamphyli, that is, a mixture of various races, consisted of aborigines mixed with Cilicians who had immigrated: to these were added bands of Greeks after the Trojan War, and later Greek colonies. (Strab. I. c. ; Eustath. ad Dion. Per. 854; Herod, vii. 91, viii. 68; Pans. vii. 3. § 3; Appian, B. C. ii. 71, iv. 60; Liv. xliv. 14.) The Pamphylians (Pamphyli, Pamphylii, Ud/.i.<pvot, Tlai.i<pvtot), accordingly, were in those parts what the Alemanni were in Germany, though the current traditions related that they were all descended from Paniphyle, a daughter of Rhacius and Manto (Stcph. B. s. V. UaiJi(pvia). or from one Pampihylus (Eus- tath. ad Ditm. Per. I. c). Others again, though without good reason, derive the name from ttSj and (pvWov, because the country was rich in wood. The Pamphylians never acquired any great power or po- litical importance; they shared the fate of all the nations of Asia Minor, and in the war of Xerxes PANDATARIA. against the Greeks their naval contingent consisted of only 30 ships, while the Lycians furnished 50, and the Cilicians 100. (Herod, vii. 92.) After the Persian empire was broken to pieces by Alex- ander, the Pamphylians first became subject to Macedonia, and then to Syria. After the defeat of Antiochus the Great, they were annexed by the Romans to the kingdom of Pergamus (Polyb. xsii. 27), and remained connected with it, until it was made over to the Romans. The Greek colonies, how- ever, such as Aspendus and Side, remained indepen- dent republics even under the Persian dominion (Ar- rian, Anab. i. 25, foil.); but we have no information at all about their political constitutions. In their man- ners and social habits, the Pamphylians strongly re- sembled the Cilicians (Strab. xii. p. 570, xiv. p. 670), and took part with them in their piratical proceedings ; their maritime towns were in fact the great marts where the spoils of the Cilician pirates were dis- posed of. (Strab. xiv. p. 664.) Navigation seems to have been their principal occupation, as is evident from the coins of several of their towns. Their lan- guage was probably a mixture of Greek and some barbarous dialects, which could scarcely be recog- nised as a dialect of the Greek. (Arrian, Anab. i. 26.) But their coins bear evidence of an intimate acquaintance with the gymnastic and agonistic arts, and with the gods of the Hellenes, among whom Zeus, Artemis, and Dionysus are often represented. The more important towns of Pamphylia were Lyr- nas or Lyrnessus, Tenedus, Olbia, Corycus, Aspen- dus, Perge, Syllium, Side, Cibyra, Ptolemais, &c. (Comp. Sestini, i>e«cr;/>^ Ahtm. Vet. p. 388. foil.; Eckhel, Doctr. Num. i. 3. pp. 6, 14, &c.) [L.S.] PAMPHY'LIUM MARE, PAMPHY'LIUS SI- NUS (lla^(pviov ireXayos or Tlafji<pvios koKttos), a large and deep bay formed by the curved form of the coasts of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia, be- ginning in the west at the Chelidonian promontory, and terminating in the east at Cape Anemurium. The distance from the Chelidonian cape to Olbia is stated by Strabo to be 367 stadia. (Strab. ii. pp. 121, 12.5, .xiv. p. 666 ; Agathem. i. 3, ii. 14 ; Sto- b.aeus, i. p. 656; Plin. v. 26, 35; Flor. iii. 6.) This sea is now called the bay of Adalia. [L. S.] PANACHAICUS MONS. [Achaia, p. 13, a.] PANACTUJL [Attica, p. 329, a.] PANAEI (Jlav atoi), a people of Thrace, whom Thucydides describes as dwelling beyond the Str)-mon towards the north (ii. 101). According to Stephanus B. (s. t'.) they were a tribe of the Edones near Am- phipolis. PANAETO'LIUM. [Aetolia, p. 63, b.] PANAGRA (Jldva.ypa), a town in the interior of Libya, on the lake Libya, and near the Nigir. (Ptol. iv. 6. § 27.) PANDAE (Plin. vi. 20. s. 23), a tribe of Indians mentioned by Pliny, who, according to him, were alone in the habit of having female sovereigns, owing to a tradition prevailing among them that they were de- scended from a daughter of Hercules. They would seem from his account to have been a race of great power and wide dominion, and to have occupied some part at least of the Punjab. Arrian {Indie. 8) tells nearly the same story of a daughter of the Indian Hercules, whom he calls Pandaea. There can be no doubt that both are to be referred to the Indian dynasty of the Pandaras, traces of whose names are met in several ancient authors. [Pandovx Regio.] [V.] PANDATA'RIA (riar'SoTopia : Vandotena), a