Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/527

 PADUS. The changes which have taken place on this line of coast are due not only to the pushing forward of the coast-line at the actual mouths of the rivers, but to the filling up of the lagunes. These in ancient times extended beyond Ravenna on the S. ; but that city is now surrounded on all sides by dry land, and the lagunes only begin to the N. of the Po di Pri- maro. Here the l.igunes of Comacchio extend over a space of above 20 miles in length, as far as the mouth of the Po di Volano ; but from that point to the fort of Brondolo, where the Venetian lagunes begin, though the whole country is very low and marshy, it is no longer covered with water, as it obviously was at no distant period. It is now, therefore, impossible to determine what were the particular lagunes designated by Pliny as the Sep- TEM Maria, and indeed the passage in which he alludes to them is not very clear ; but as he calls them Atrianorum Paludes, they would seem to have been in the neighbourhood of Adria, and n.ay pro- bably have been the extensive lagunes (now con- verted into marshes) S. of Ariano. At a later period the name seems to have been differently used. The Itinerary speaks of the navigation " per Septem Maria [a Ravenna] Altinum usque," so that the name seems here to be applied to the whole extent of the la- gunes ; and it is employed in the same sense by He- rodian (viii. 7) ; while the Tabula, on the contrary, gives the name to a particular point or station on the line of route from Riivenna to Altinum. This line, which is given in much detail, must have been by water, though not so specified, as there never could have been a road along the line in question ; but it is im- possible to identity with any certainty the stations or points named. {Itiri. Ant. p. 126; Tab. Pent.) [Ven'etia.] Polybius speaks of the Padus as navigable for a distance of 2000 stadia, or 250 Roman miles from the sea. (Pol. ii. 16.) Strabo notices it as navi- gable from Placentia downwards to Ravenna, with- out saying that it was not practicable higher up : and Pliny correctly describes it as beginning to be navigable from Augusta Taurinorum {Turin'), more than 120 miles above Placentia. (Strab. v. p. 217; Plin. iii. 17. s. 21.) Ancient writers already re- marked that the stream of the Padus was fuller and more abundant in summer than in winter or spring, owing to its being fed in great part by the melting of the snows in the high Alps. (Pol. ii. 16; Plin. iii. 16. s. 20.) It is not till after it has received the waters of the Duria Major or Dora Baltea, a stream at least as considerable as itself, that the Po becomes a really great river. Hence, it is about this point (as Pliny observes) that it first attains to a considerable depth. But at the present day it is not piacticable for vessels of any considerable burden above Casale, about 25 miles lower down. The origin of the name of Padus is uncertain. According to Metrodorus of St'cpsis (cited by Pliny, /. c), it was a Celtic name, derived from the number of pine-trees which grew around iis sources. The etymology seems very doubtful; but the fact that the name was of Celtic origin is rendered probable by the circumstance that, according both to Polybius and Pliny, the name given it by the Ligurians (the most ancient inhabitants of its banks) was Bodincus the Po. and the changes which this part of the coast has undergone will be found in a note ajipended to Cuvier's Disconrs sur les Revolutions de la Surface du Globe, p. 75, 4to. edit. Paris, 1825. PAEONES. 511 or Biidcncus (BiiSeyKos, Pol. ii. 16; Plin. iii. 16. s. 20), a name said to be derived from its great depth. It is well known that it was early identified by the Greeks with the mythical Eriuanis, and was commonly called by them, as well as by the Latin poets, by that name, even at a late period. The origin and history of this name have been already given in the article Eridanl'S. It may be added, that the poplar trees which figure in tiie fable of Phaeton (in its later form) evidently refer to the tall and graceful trees, still commonly known as Lom- bardy poplars, from their growing in abundance on the banks of the Po. [E. H. B "I PADUSA. [Padus.] PADYANDUS (ITaSi/ai/Sos), a town in Cataonia, or the southernmost part of Cappadocia, about 25 miles to tiie south-east of Faustinopolis, near the pass of Mount Taurus known by the name of the Cilician Gates. (Ptol. v. 7. § 7.) The town, which was extended by the emperor Valens, is mentioned in the Itineraries, but its name assumes different forms ; as, Paduandus {Tab. Pent.), Podandos (It. Ant. p. 145), Mansio Opodanda (It. Ilieros. p. 578), and Rhegepodandos (Hierocl. p 699). The place is described by Basilius (Epist.Ti) as one of the most wretched holes on earth. It is said to have derived its name from a small stream in the neighbourhood. (Const. Porphyr. Vit. Basil. 36 ; conip. Cedren. p. 575 ; Jo. Scyl'itz. Hist. pp. 829, 844.) The place is still called Podend. [L. S.] PAEA'NIA. [Attioa, p. 332, b.] PAEA'NIUM (Jlaidviov). a town in Aetolia, near the Achelous, a little S. of Ithoria, and N. of Oeniadae, whicii was on the other side of the river. It was only 7 stadia in circumference, and was destroyed by Philip, b. C. 219. (Polyb. iv. 65.) Paeanium was perhaps rebuilt, and may be the same town as Phana («J>ai/a), which was taken by the Achaeans, and which we learn from the narrative in Pausanias was near the sea. (Paus. x. 18.) Stephanus menticns Phana as a town of Italy ; but for ndAis 'IraAiay, we ought probably to read noAis A'tTcoA'ias. (Stoph. B s. v. ^dvai.) PAELO'NTimi (naiKoin-iof, Ptol. ii. 6. § 33), a town of the Lungones in Asturia, variously identi- fied with Aplaus, Pola de Lena, and Concejo de Pilonna. [T. H. D.] PAEMANI, mentioned in Caesar (B. G. ii. 4) with the Condrusi. Eburones, and Caeroesi, and the four peoples are included in the name of Germani. D'Anville conjectures that they were near the Con- drusi, who probably held the country which is now called Condroz. [Condrusi.] The Paemani may have occupied the country called Pays de Fam- menne, of which Ihirburg, Laroche on the Onrthe, and Rochefort on the Homme are the chief towns. [G. L.] PAEON (naicic, Scyl. p. 28), a town of Thrace, mentioned only by Scylax. [T. H. D.] PAE'ONES (naiVes, Horn. II. 84.5, xvi. 287, xvii. 348, x.xi. 139; Herod, iv. 33, 49, v. 1. 13,98, vii. 113, 185; Thuc. ii.96; Strab. i. pp. 6, 28, vii. pp. 316,318,323, 329, 330.331; kmm, Arntb. ii. 9. § 2, iii. 12. §4; Plut. Alex. 39; Polyaen Stmt. iv. 12. § 3 ; Eustath. ad Horn. II. xvi. 287 ; Liv. xlii. 51), a people divided into seve'al tribes, who, before the Argolic colonisation of Emathia, iippcar to have occupied the entire country afterw."»rds called Mace- donia, with the exception of that portion of it which was considered a part of Thrace. As the Macedo- nian kingdom increased, the district called Paeonia