Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/525

 PACTYICE. (DioJ. xxii. 74 ; Nepos, Ale. 7 ; cf. Plin. iv. 18 ; Scyl. p. 28.) Perhaps St. George. [T. H. D.] PACITICE {UaKTiJiK-h), a district of North- western Iniiia, which, there is every reason to sup- pise, mast have been nearly the same as the modern Kashmir, but probably esteniied westward across the Indus. It is mentioned by Herodotus with that amount of uncertainty which attaches to ahnost all that he relates of the far East. Thus in the cataloijue of the produce of the different satrapies of the Persian em- pire, Pactyice is reckoned after Bactriana, and is con- nected with the Armenians, which gives it an extent too far to the W. (iii. 93). Again, in his account of the army of Xerxes, Herodotus mentions the Pac- tyes in connexion with the Sagartii, and places them nnder the command of a Persian (vii. 67). And in the subsequent description of the former people, he states that their dress is the same as that of the Pactyes (vii. 8.5). Evidently, therefore, he here imagines the country and the people to have occu- pied a district to the N. and NE. of Persia. Again, Herodotus states (iii. 102) that the bravest of the Indian tribes are those who are in the immediate neighbourh'iud of the city of Caspatyrus and Pac- tyice; and he connects the saine two places together wiiere he states (iv. c. 44) that the celebrated voyage of Scyla.x of Caryanda. which was promoted by Dareius, the son of Hystaspes, commenced from the same localities. Now we know that Hecataeus («/j. Stej)h. B. s. v.) placed Caspatyrus in the country of the Gandarii (^Fragm. p. 94, ed. Klau- sen): hence the strong inference that Pactyice was part of Gandarica, if not, as Larcher has supposed, actuallv the same. [V.J PACYRIS. [Carcixa ] PADAEI. [I.uiA, p. 50, b.] PAD.A.liGUS (UiUpyos, Arrian, Tndk. c. 39), a small stream of Persis, which appears to liave flowed into the Persian Gulf near the present Abushir. It is not possible to identify this and some other names mentioned by Arrian from the Journals of Nearchus, owing to the physical changes which have taken place in flie coast dine. [V.] PADINUM, a town of Gallia Cispadana, known only from Pliny, who mentions the Padinates among the niunicipia of that region (Plin. iii. 15. s. 20). But he atfords us no clue to its position. Cluver Would identify it with Botidino, between Ferrara and Mirandula, but this is a mere conjecture. (Unver. Ital. p. 282.) [E. H. B.] PADUS (niSos: Po the principal river of Northern Italy, and much the largest river in Italy altogether. Hence Virgil calls it " fluviorum rex" (^Gtorg. i. 481), and btrabo even erroneously terms it the greatest river in Europe after the Danube. (Strab. iv. p. 204.) It hiis its sources in the Monte Viso. or Mons Vesulus, one of the highest summits of the Western Alps (Plin. iii. 16. s.20; Mel. ii. 4. § 4), and from tlience to the Adriatic has a course of above 400 miles. Pliny estimates it at 300 Roman miles without including the windings, which add about 88 more. (Phn. iii. 16. s. 20.) Both statements are beneath the truth. According to modern authorities its course, including its windings, is calculated at 380 Italian, or 475 Roman miles. (Rampoldi, Dk. Topogr. d' Italia, vol. iii. p. 284.) After a very slmrt course through a nmuntain valley it descends into the plain a few miles from Saluzzn, and from thence fl iws without interruption through a plain or broad level valley all the way to the sea. Its coarse from Saluzzo', as far as Chi- PADUS. 509 vasso (through the district of the ancient Vagi- enni and Taurini), is nearly NE ; but after rounding the hills of the Monferrat, it turns due E, and pursues this course with but little variation the whole way to the Adriatic. The great j)lain or valley of the Po is in fact one of the most im- portant physical features of Italy. Bounded on the N. by the Alps, and on the S. by the Apennines, both of which ranges have in this part of their course a general direction from W. to E., it forms a gigantic trough-like basin, which receives the whole of the waters that flow from the southern slopes of the Alps and the northern ones of the Apennines. Hence, as Pliny justly observes (/. c), there is hardly any other river which, within the same space, receives so many and such important tributaries. Those from the nortli, on its left bank, are the most considerable, being fed by the perpetual snows of the Alps; and many of these form exten- sive lakes at the points where they first reach the plain; after quitting which they are deep and navi- gable rivers, though in some cases still very rapid. Pliny states that the Padus receives in all thirty tributary rivers, but it is difficult to know which he reckons as such; he himself enumerates only seven- teen; but this number can be increased almost in- definitely, if we include smaller streams. The principal tributaries will be here enumerated in order, beginning from the source, and proceedino- along the left bank. They are : 1. the Clusius {Chiusone), not noticed by Pliny, hat the name of which is found in the Tabula ; 2. the Duria, commonly called Duria Jlinor, or Doi-a Biparia ; 3. the Stuma (Slura): 4. the Oigus (Oreo); 5. the Duria Major, or Baniica (Dora Bullea), one of the greatest of all the tributaries of the Padus ; 6. the Sesites (Sesia) ; 7. the TiciNirs (Ticino), flowing from the Lacus Verbanns (Lago Maggiore); 8. the Lamber or Lasibrus (Lambro), a much less considerable stream, and which does not rise in the high Alps; 9. the Addua (Adda), flowing from the Lacus Larius or Lago di Como; 10. the Ollil'S (Oglio), which flows from the Lacus Sebimis (Lago d Iseo), and brings with it the tributary waters of the Mela (.Stella) and Clusius (Chiese); 11. the Mixcius (.Uincio), flowing from the Lago di Garda, or Lacus Beiiacus. Below this the Po cannot be said to receive any regular tributary ; for thnugh it com- municates at more than one point with the Tartaro a.nd Adige (Athesis),the channels are ail artificial, and the bulk of the waters of the Adige are carried out to the sea by their own separate channel. [Athesis.] On the southern or right bank of the Padus its principal tributaries are: 1. the Tanakus (7aM(iro), a large river, which has itself received the im- portant tributary streams of the Stura and Boi-- mida, so that it brings with it almost all the waters of the Maritime Alps and adjoining tract of the Li- gurian Apennines ; 2. tiie Scrivia, a considerable stream, but the ancient name of which is unknown; 3. the Treuia (Trebbia), flowing by Placentia; 4. the Tarus (Taro); 5. the Nicia (Enza). 6. the Gabellus of Pliny, called also Secia (Secckia); 7. the Sc'ULTEN.NA, now called the Panaro ; 8. the EiiENUS (Reno), flowing near Bolugna. To these in.ay be added several smaller streams, viz.: the Idex (/dice), Silarus (Siilaro). Vatienus (Plin., now Santerito), and Sinnus (Sinno), all of which discharge themselves into the southern arm of the Po, now Called the Po di Primaro, and anciently knowu as the Spineticum Ostium, below the point