Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/51

Rh tlio nnmc Fine in tlie fiict that eitlier the name of ]lliberis was chans;pd to Helena or Elena, or Helena was a camp or station near it. Constans was mur- dered by Majnentius " not far from the Hispaniae, in a castrum named Helena." (Eutrop. x. 9.) Vic- tor's Epitome (c. 41) describes Helena as a town very near to the Pyrenees; and Zosimus has the tame (ii. 42 ; and Orasius, vii. 29). It is said by Some writers that Helena was so named after the pl;ice was restored by Constantine's mother Helena, or by Constantinc, or by some of his children; but the evidence of this is not given. The river of Hli- beris is the Ticiiis of Mela, and Tecum of I'liny, now the Tech. In the text of I'tolemy (ii. 10) the name of the river is written Illeris.

Some geographers have supposed Illiberis to be Collioure, near Port Vendre, which is a plain mis- Uikc. [G. L.]

IIJJCI. [iLICt.]

ILLI'l'lILA. [Ilipli^v.]

ILLITUIIGIS, ILITURGIS, orTLITURGI (pro- bably the 'IKovpyis of Ptol. ii. 4. § 9, as well as the 'lAoupyfia of I'olybius, ap. Steph. B. s. v., and the 'IXvpyia of Appian, IILip. 32 : Eth. lUurgitani), a con.-iiderablo city of Hispania Baetica, situated on a steep rock on the N. side of the Baetis, on the road from Corduba to Castulo. 20 M. P. from the latter, and five days' march from Carthago Nova. In the Second Punic War it went over to the Uomans, like its neighbours, Castulo and JIente.sa, and endured two sieges by the Carthaginians, both of which were raised; but, upon the overthrow of the two Scipios, the people of Illiturcis and Castulo revolted to the Carthaginians, the former adding to their treason the crime of betraying and putting to death the Romans who had fled to them for refuge. At least such is the Roman version of their offence, for which a truly Roman vengeance was taken by Publins Soipio, li.c. 206. After a defence, such as might be expected when despair of mercy was added to national fortitude, the city was .^tormed and burnt over the slaughtered corpses of all its inhabitants, children and women as well as men. (Liv. xxiii. 49, xxiv. 41, xxvi. 17, 41, xxviii. 19, 20.) Ten years later it had recovered sufficiently to be again besieged by the Romans, and taken with the slaughter of all its adult male population. (Liv. xxxiv. 10.) Under the Roman emjiire it was a considerable city, with the surname of FonuM Jui.iim. Its site is believed to have been in the neighbourhood of Andujar, where the church of S. Potenciana now stands. (Jtin. Ant. p. 403 ; Plin. iii. 1. s. 3 ; Priscian. vi. p. 682, ed. Putsch ; Morales, Aniig. p. 56, b. ; Mentelie, Esp. Mod. p. 183; L.aborde, Itin. vol. ii. p. 113; Elorez, Esp. S. vol. xii. p. 369; Coins, ap. Florez, J fed. vol. iii. p. 81 ; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 16; Sestini, p. 56 ; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 23 ; Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 380.) [P. S.]

ILLURCO or ILURCO, a town in the W. part of Hispania Baetica, near Pinos, on the river Cu- hilliis. (Inscr. ap. Gruter, pp. 235, 406 ; Muratori, p. 1051, Nos. 2. 3 ; Florez, Esp. S. vol. xii. p. 98 ; Coins, ap. Flovez, Med. de Egp. vol. ii. p. 472 ; Jlioiinet, vol. i. p. 17; Sestini, Med. hp. p. 57; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 23.) [P. S.]

ILLURGAVONENSES. [Ilercaoxes.]

ILLYRIA, [Illyeicum.]

ILLY'RICUM (rb 'IWvpiKov: Eth. and Adj. 'lAAtlpios, 'lAAupi/cds, lllyrius, Illyricus), the eastern C(just of the Adriatic sea. I T/ie Name. — The Greek name is Illyris ('IWvpis, Hecat. Er. 65; Polyb. iii. 16; Strab. ii. pp. 108, 12.-5, 129, vii. p. 317; Dionys. Per. 96; Herodian, vi. 7; Apollod. ii. 1. § 3; Ptol. viii. 7. § 1), but the more ancient writers usually employ the name of the people, ul 'IWvpioi (eV to?? 'IAAu- piois, Herod, i. 196, iv. 49; Scyl. pp. 7, 10). The name Illyria ('lAAi/pi'a) very rarely occurs. (Steph. B. s. V. ; Prop. i. 8. 2.) By the Latin writers it generally went under the name of " lllvricum " (Caes. B. G. ii. 35, iii. 7 ; Varr. E. R ii. 'lO. § 7; Cic. ad Aft. X. 6; Liv. xliv. 18. 26; Ovid, Trijit. i. .3. 121; Mela, ii. 3. § 13; Tac. Ann. i. 5, 46, ii. 44, 53, Hkt. i. 2, 9, 76; Flor. i. 18, iv. 2; Just, vii. 2; Suet. Tib. 16; Yell. Pat. ii. 109), and the general as.-^ent of geographers has given currency to this form.

2. Extent and LimilK. — The Roman IllyricLim was of very dilferent extent from the Illyris or ot 'WXvpioi of the Greeks, and was itself not the same at all times, but nmst be coufidered simply as an artiticial and geographical expression for the bor- derers who occupied the E. coast of the Adriatic, from the junction of that gulf with the Ionic sea, to the estuaries of the river Po. The earliest writer who has left any account of the peoples inhabiting this coast is Scylax; according to whom (c. 19 — 27) the Illyrians, properly so called (for the Liburnians and Istrians beyond thein are excluded), occupy the sea-coast from Liburnia to the Chaonians of Epirus. The Bulini were the northernmost of these tribes, and the Amantini the southernmost. Herodotus (i. 196) includes under the name, the Heneti or Veneti, who lived at the head of the gulf; in another passage (iv. 49) he places the Illyrians on the tributary streams of the Morava in Sei^via.

It is evident that the Gallic invasions, of which there are .several traditions, threw the whole of these districts and their tribes into such confusion, that it is impossible to hannonise the statements of the Periplus of Scylax, or the far later Scymnus of Chios, with the descriptions in Strabo and the Roman historians.

In consequence of this immigration of the Ganls, Appian has confounded together Gauls, Thracians, Paeonians, and IlljTians. A legend which he records (/%(•. 1) makes Celtus, lllyrius, and Gala, to have been three brothers, the sons of the Cyclops Poly- phemus, and is grounded probably on the inter- mixture of Celtic tribes (the Boii, the Scordisci, and the Taurisci) among the Illyrians : the lapodes, r tribe on the borders of Istria, are described by Strabo (iv. p. 143) as half Celts, half Illyrians. On a rough estimate, it may be said that, in the earliest times, Illyricum was the coast between the Naro (^Neretva) and the Drilo (Brin), bounded on the E. by the Triballi. At a later period it comprised all the various tribes from the Celtic Taurisci to the Epirots and Macedonians, and eastward as far as Sloesia, including the Veneti, Pannonians, Dalma- tians, Dardani, Autariatae, and many others. This is Illyricum in its most extended meaning in the ancient writers till the 2nd century of the Christian era: as, for instance, in Strabo (vii. pp. 313 — 319), during the reign of Augustus, and in Tacitus {Hist. i. 2, 9, 76, ii.86; comp. Joseph. B.J. ii. 16), in his account of the civil wars which preceded the fall of Jerusalem. ^Vhen the boundary of Rome reached to the Danube, the " Illyricus Limes " (as it is desig- nated in the " Scriptores Historiae Augustae ''), or •' Illyrian frontier," comprised the following pro- vinces : — Noricum, Pannonia Superior, Pannonia