Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/343

 HIENAPIA. late period. There Is little doubt that it is the city meant by Diodoras (siv. ?8, -srhere the editions have S/xeVfof, a name certainly corrupt), which was re- duced by Dionysius in B.C. 396, together with Morgantia and other cities of the Siculi. It is men- tioned more than once by Cicero among the muni- cipal towns of Sicily, and seems to have been a tolerably flourishing place, the inhabitants of which carried on agriculture to a considerable extent. (Cic. Verr. iii. 22, 43.) It is enumerated also by Silius Italicus among the cities of Sicily, and by fliny among the stipendiary towns of that island, and its name is found also in Ptolemy. (Sil. Ital. Siv.266; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14; Ptol. iii. 4. § 13.) This is the last notice of it that occurs ; but there is no doubt that the modern town of Mineo retains the name, and probably the site, of Menaenum. It is situated on a lofty hill, forming part of a range which sweeps round from Palagonia to Caltagirone, and forms the boundary of a deep basin, in the centre of which is a small plain, with the volcanic lake now called Lago di Naftia, which is unques- tionably the ancient Lacus Palicorum. No ruins are now extant at Mineo ; but the coins of Jle- haenum, which are numerous, though only of copper, attest the consideration which it anciently en^ joyed. [E. H. B.] MENAPII, 327 COIN OF MENAESUM. MENA'PIA (Merairi'a, Ptol. vi. 11. § 8), a small place in Bactriana in the immediate neigh- bourhood of Eucratidia. It is probably the same as that called Menapila by Ammianus (xsiii. C). [V.] MENA'PII, a people of North Gallia. In Caesar's time (B. G. iv. 4) the ]Ienapii were on both sides of the lower Ehine, where they had arable farms, buildings, and small towns. The Usipetes and and Tenctheri, who were Germans, being hard pressed by the Sueri, came to the Rhine, surprised and mas- sacred the Menapii on the east bank, and then cross- ing over spent the winter on the west side, and lived at free cost among the Menapii. The history of these marauders is told elsewhere. [Usipetes.] On the west side of the Rhine the Eburones were the immediate neighbours of the Menapii (5. G. vi. 5), and they were between the Menapii and the Treviri. The Menapii were protected by continuous swamps and forests. On tlie south and on the coast the Menapii bordered on the Morini. Caesar does not state this distinctly ; but he mentions the Me- Hapii (5. G. ii. 4) among the Belgian confederates next to the Morini ; and the Menapii were said to be able to raise 7000 fighting men. As the Veneti sought the aid of the Morini and Jlenapii in their war with Caesar, we must conclude that they had ships, or their aid would have been useless {B. G. iii. 9). Caesar describes all Gallia as reduced to obedience at the close of the summer of b. c. 56, except the Morini and Menapii (B. G. iii. 28), who were pro- tected against the Roman general for this season by their forests and the bad weather. The next year (b. c. 55), immediately before sailing for Britannia, Caesar sent two of his legati to invade the country of the Menapii and those Pagi of the Morini which had not made their submission (5. G. iv. 22). After his return from Britannia Caesar sent La- bienus against the Morini with the legions which had been brought back from Britannia. The summer had been dry, and as the marshes did not protect the Morini, as in the year before, most of them were compelled to yield. The troops which had been sent against the Menapii under the two legati ra- vaged the lands, destroyed the corn, and burnt tlie houses ; but the people fled to the thickets of their forests, and s.aved themselves from their cruel enemy. (5. G. iv. 38.) In B. c. 53 Caesar himself entered the country of the Blenapii with five legions unincumbered with baggage. The lIenapii Were the only Galli who had never sent ambassadors to Caesar about peace, and they Were allies of Ambiorix, king of the Eburones, Caesar's enemy. Trusting to the natural protection of their country, the Menapii did not combine their forces, but fled to the forests and marshes, carrying their property vrith them. Caesar entered their country with his army in three divisions, after having with great rapidity made his bridges over the rivers, but he does not mention any names. The buildings and villages were burnt, and a great number of cattle and men were captured. The Me- napii prayed for peace, gave hostages, and were told that their hostages would be put to death, if they allowed Ambiorix to come within their borders. With this threat Caesar quitted the country that he had ravaged, leaving Comm the Atrebat, one of his slavish Gallic tools, with a body of cavalry to keep watch over the Menapii. (i?. G. vi. 5, 6.) It appears from Caesar's narrative that this people had farms, arable land, and cattle ; and probably ships. They were not savages, but a people with some civility. Caesar's narrative also leads us to infer that the Menapii on the coast bordered on the Morini, as Strabo (iv. pp. 194, 199) says. Pliny (iv. 17) also makes the Menapii and Morini conterminous on the coast, but he makes the Scaldis {Schelde) the northern limit of the Menapii; and he places the Toxandri north of the Schelde. D'Anville {Notice, LJc, Nefvii) attempts to show, against the authority of the ancient writers, that the Nervii extended to the coast, and consequently were between the Morini and the iMenapii. But it is here assumed as pi-oved that the Morini on the coast bordered on the Jlenapii, who in Caesar's time at least extended along the coast from the northern boundary of the Morini to the territory of the Batayi. [Batavorum Insula.] Walckenacr proves, as he supposes, that the river Aas, from its source to its outlet, was the boundary between the ]Iorini and the Menapii. The A us is the dull stream which flows by St. Omer, and is made navigable to Gravelines. Accordingly he makes the hill of Cassel, which is east of the Aas, to be the Castellnm Menapiorum of the Table. Thia question is examined under Castellum Moki- NORUM. The boundary on the coast between tho Morini and ]lenapii is unknown, but it may, per- haps, have been as far north as Dunkerque. As the Eburones about Tongern and Spa were the neigh- bours of the Menapii of Caesar on the east, we obtain a limit of the ]Ienapii in that direction. On the north their boundary was the Rhine; and on the south the Nervii. Under Augustus some German peoples, Ubii, Sicambri [Gugekni], and others,