Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/238

 222 LUTIA. concluded that he means the Forum Neronis men- tioned by Ptolemy as being in the countiy of the Memini. [Cakpentoracte.] But the name Lu- teva, the modern name Lodeve, and the Itin. seem to determine the position of Luteva ; and, if Pliny is right, we must suppose that Luteva was also named Forum Neronis. [G. L.] LU'TIA (AouT(a), a considerable town of the Arevacae, in Hispania Citerior, 300 stadia from Numantia, mentioned only by Appian (///sp. 93, 94). [P.S.] LUTTOMAGUS, a place in North Gallia, accord- ing to the Table on a road from Samarobriva (Amkns) to Castellum Slenapiorum. The site is uncertain. D'Anville has followed Cluver in writing the name Lnttonaagus; but it is Lintomagus in the Table. [G. L.] LU'XIA (Odiel), a small river on the coast of Hispania Baetica, between the Baetis (^Guadalquivir) and the Anas ( Guadiana ; Plin. iii. 1. s. 3). [P. S.] LUXOVIUM. This name appears on some in- scriptions dug up at Luxeuil, in the French depart- ment of the Upper Saone. Luxeuil is on the £renchin, and it has wai-m baths. The name on the inscriptions is said to be Luxovium or Lisovium. These inscriptions were published by Caylus, but they may not be genuine. In the life of St. Columban, wi-ilten in the seventh centuiT, Luxovium is men- tioned : — "Castrum quod olim nmnitissimum, priscis temporibus Luxovium nuncupatum, ubi etiam Ther- mae eximio opere instructae habebantur. JIultae jllic statuae lapideae erant." (D'Anville, Notice, cfc; Walckenaer, Geog. vol. i. p. 320.) [G.L.] LYCABETTUS MONS. [Athenae, p. 303, b.] LYCAEA. [Lycoa.] LYCAEUS or LYCE'US (rb AvKaiov opos, 6 AvKOioi : Dioforti), a lofty mountain of Arcadia, in the district of Pan'hasia, from which there is a view of the greater part of Peloponnesus. Its height has been determined by the French Commission to he 46.^9 feet. It was one of the chief seats of the worship of Zeus in Ai'cadia, and on the summit called Olympus, or tepo Kopucpi^, were the sacred grove and altar of Zeus Lycaeus, together with a hippodrome and a stadium, where games called Ly- caea were celebrated in honour of Zeus (AvKaia). These games are said to have resembled the Eoman Lupercalia, and were sometimes celebrated by Ar- cadians when in foreign countries. (Plut. Cues. 61 ; Xen. Anab. i. 2. § 10.) Near the hippodrome was a temple of Pan, who is hence iJso called Lycaeus. There are still remains of the hippodrome extending from S. to N. ; and near its northern extremity there are considerable remains of a cistern, about 50 feet in length from E. to W. A little further W. is a ruin called Hellenikon, apparently part of a temple ; and near the church of St. Elias is the summit called Dioforti, where the allar of Zeus formerly stood. In the eastern part of the moiuitain stood the sanctuary and grove of Apollo Parrhasius or P)'tbius, and left of it the place called Cretea. (Pans. vlii. 38 ; Pind. 01. ix. 145, xiii. 154 ; Theoer. i. 123 ; Virg. Georg. i. 16, iii. 314 ; Aeii. viii. 344.) The river Neda rose in Mt. Cerausium (Kepavatoi'), which was a portion of Mt. Lycaeus. (Paus. vii. 41. § 3 ; comp. Strab. p. 348.) Cerausium is shown by Ross to be Stephdni. and not Tetruzi, as is usually slated. Mt. Nomia (N(i/xia vprf), near Lycosura (Paus. viii. 38. § 11), was probably a portion of the modern Tctrazi. (Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 313, 6eq. ; Peloponnesiaca, p. 244 ; Koss, Reisen im Pe- LYCAONLA.. hponnes, vol. i. pp. 88,91; CmJm.s, Pelojwnnesos, vol. i. pp. 294, 338.) LYCAO'NIA (j) AvKaovia: Eth. AvKdcav, AvKa- Sfios), a province of Asia Minor, bordering in the east on Cappadocia, in the south on Cilicia, in the west on Pisidia and Phrygia, and in the north on Galatia. These frontiers, however, were not always the same, but the fluctuation becomes most perplexing at the time when Asia was under the influence of the Romans, who gave portions of Lycaonia sometimes to this and sometimes to that Asiatic prince, while they incorporated the greater part with the province of Cappadocia, whence Ptolemy (v. 6. § 16) treats of it as a part of Cappadocia. The name Lycaonia, however, continued to be applied to the country down to a late period, as we see from Hierocles (p. 675) and other Christian writers. Lycaonia is, on the whole, a plain country, but the southern and northern parts are surrounded by high mountains; and the north, especially, was a cold and bleak country, but very well adapted as pasture-land for sheep, of which king Amyntas is said to have possessed no less than 300 flocks. Their wool was rather coarse, but still yielded con- siderable profit to the proprietors. The country was also rich in wild asses. Its chief mineral product was salt, the soil down to a considerable depth being impregnated with salt. In consequence of this the country had little drinking-water, which had to be obtained fi-om very deep wells, and in some parts was sold at a high price. This account of the coimtry, furnished by Strabo (xii. p. 568), is fully confirmed by modern travellers. The streams which come do^vn from the surrounding mountains do not form rivers of any importance, but nnite into several lakes, among which the salt lake Tatta, in the north-east, is the most important. The Lycaonians of Lycaonia, although Eusta- thius (ad Dionys. Per. 857) connects their name with the Arcadian Lycaon, according to which they would be Pelasgians, are never mentioned in his- tory until the time of the expedition of Cyrus the Younger against his brother Ai-taxerxes, when Cyrus, passing through their country in five days, gave it up to plunder because they were hostile. (Xenoph. Anab. i. 2. § 19, comp. iii. 2. § 23, Cyrop. vi. 2. § 20.) Who the Lycaonians were, and to what branch of the human flimily they belonged, is un- certain; but from the Acts of the Apostles (xiv. 11) it appears that they spoke a peculiar language. It is also well attested that, like the Pisidians, they were a hardy and warlike race, which owned no subjection to the Persian monarchs, and Uved by plunder and foray. (Dionys. Per. 857; Prise. 806; Avien. 1020.) Their principal towns, which are few in number, and all of which appear to have been very small, were : Iconitim, Laodiceia Combusta, Derbe, Autiochiana, and Lakanda; the less important ones were Typjaeum, Vasata, Soatra, Ilistra, and Coropassus. As to their early history, we know nothing about the Lycaonians; but they seem to have gradually advanced westward, for in the time of Croesus the Phrygians occupied the country as far as the river Halys, and Xenophon calls Iconium the easternmost town of Phrygia, so that the Lycaonians must have continued their extension towards the west even after that time, for subsequently Iconium was nearly in the centre of Lycaonia. It has already been re- marked that they maintained their independence against Persia, but afterwards they shared the fate