Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/234

 218 LUSITANIA. presented en an ancient vase. (Millinjjer, Peintures de Vases, pi. 52 ; Jliiller, Denhndler der alt. Kunst, t. 11.) The ruins, which Dodwell discovered above Lusi towards the end of the plain, and on the road to Cynaetha, are probably those of the temple of Artemis Leake discovered some ancient foundations at the middle fountain of the three in the more westerly of the two plains of Sudliend, which he supposes to be the remains of the temple. One of the officers of the French Commission observed a large cave on the western side of the Aroanian mountains, in which the inhabitants of SudherA were accustomed to take refuge during war, and which is probably the one intended in the legend of the daughters of Proetus. (Dodwell, Classical Tour, vol.ii. p. 447; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 109, vol. iii. pp. 168, 181; Boblaye, Recherches, Sfc. p. 155 ; Curtius, Peloponnesos, ol. i. p. 375, seq.) LUSITA'NIA (?; Avcrtravla, 7/ Au(iiTavi«:;7,Strab.; AovaiTavia, Diod. Sic, Ptol., Steph. B. : Etii. Av- crnavoi, Lusitani), originally denoted the country of the Lusitani, but is commonly used in a wider sense, as the name of one of the three provinces, into which Hispania was divided by Augustus. (His- PANiA, p. 1081, Nos. 3, 4). 1. Extent and Boundaries. — Like the modem Portugal, it lay on the V. side of the peninsula, ex- tending from its SV. point (Sackum Pr., C. S. Vincent), eastwards to the mouth of the Anas {Guadiana'), and northwards along the W. coast ; but here, as well as in the interior, the boundaries of the two countries were very different ; Lusitania occupying only two-thirds of the V. coast, and Por- tugal more than three-fourths. The former had its N. boundary at the Duiiius (Douro), the latter at the Mini us {Mino) ; and the Portuguese province, called Entre Douro e MinJio, as lying between these rivers, as well as that of Traz os Mantes E. of it, were anciently the part of Gallaecia which be- longed to the Callaici Bracarii. But on the E. side, inland, Lusitania had a much wder extent than Portugal. Both rest on the same base, as their S. side, namely the coa-st between C. S. Vincent and the mouth of the Guadiana, and at first the bound- ary runs N. nearly along the same line, namely the course of the Guadiana, the slight difference being in fav(jur of Portugal, which has a slip on the E. side of the river. But, from a point on the river, a little below Badajoz, and a little above its intersection with the Meridian of 7° W. long., the boundaries diverge ; that of Portugal taking a general direction N. with a slight bearing to the E., till it strikes the Douro at its great bend from SW. to NAV. (where the Affueda joins it), and running up the river to its great bend in the opposite direction, below the Esia ; while that of Lusitania continued up the Anas eastward, towards the middle of the Penin- sula, to a point considerably above Metellinum (but not very certainly defined), whence it followed a N. dii-ection to the Durius, which it met at a point below the river Pistoraca (also not very well de- fined). Thus, Lusitania contained, on this side, the N. part of Spanish Estremadura, and the S. part of Leon ; and the part of the province thus lying E. of Modem Portugal, corresponds very nearly to the ter- ritory of the Vettones. These are the boundaries of the Roman province, as constituted under Augus- tus ; but there are considerable variations in the extent assigned to the country by various writers, especially according as the word is used, in the wider sense, for the province, or in the narrower LUSITANIA. meaning, for the country of the Lusitani. In this first and narrowest sense, it included only the dis- trict between the Tagus and the Durius, from the Atlantic on the W., to about the present frontier of Portugal on the E. Next, the supposed or actual connection of these people with their Noithern neighbours, the Callaici, Ai'tabri, and Astures, led to their being, at li-ast in part, included under the same name, aud accordingly Strabo defines Lusi- tania as the country N. of the Tagus, bounded on the W. & N. by the Ocean. (Strab. iii. p. 153.) But just above he says, that the greater part of the Lusitani, meaning those N. of the Durius, had ob- tained the name of Callaici ; and elsewhere he ex- pressly states that the whole region N. of the Durius, which was formerly called Lusitania, was now called Callai'ca. (iii. p. 166.) On the E., says Strabo (Z. c), it bordered on the Carpetani, Vettones, Vaccaei, and Callaici, and other tribes of less note ; and he adds that these also were some- times called Lu.sitani, thus pointing to the extension of the name towards the east. Then, again, on the S. of the Tagus, where the country seems originally to have belonged to the Turdetani, with an inter- mixture of Celtic tribes [Cei.tici], the long and obstinate wars carried on by the Romans drove many of the Lusitanians and their allies into the district, which thus came naturally to be included under the name of Lusitania. (Strab. iii. p. 139.) Finally, under Augustus, the boundaries were fixed as above stated. 2. Dimensions. — Agrippa, as quoted by Pliny, assigned to the province, together with Asturia and Gallaecia, a width of 536 M. P. ; and a length of 540 M. P. (Plin. iv. 21. s. 35.) Strabo makes its length 3000 stadia, and its width considerably less (iii. p. 153, as amended by Xylander: it should be remembered that the width is reckoned, as Strabo expressly says, aloiig the E. side, i. e. from N. to S., in conformity with his general views respecting the form of the peninsula, which are explained under Hispania). 3. Physical Geography. — Strabo's description of Lusitania (J. c.) as lofty and rugged on the E. side, and level towards the sea, with the exception of minor ridges of mountains, is tolerably correct. A more exact account of its relation to the whole for- mation of the surface of the peninsula is given under Hispania (§ v. No. 5. pp. 1085, 1086), together with a description of the coast and the chief pro- montories. Its surface is roughly divided by the JIoNS Herjiinius {Sierra de Estrella), which ends in the peninsula of Lisbon, into the two great basins of the Tagus and the Dmius ; but it is also inter- sected by numerous offsets from the great central chains of the peninsula. Besides the great river Tagus, which bisects it, there are several others, of more or less importance, which flow in the same general direction, and fall into the sea on the W. coast; but of these none require special notice, ex- cept the Callipus (KaAXinovs, Sadao), which flows N. from the M. Cuneus in the extreme S., and falls into the sea, SE. of the Tagus, and the Munda {Mondego) and Vacua {Vovgd), between the Tagus and the Durius.* respecting the names of the rivers between the Tagus and the Minius have been noticed under Gallaecia : the following conspectus, by Gros- kurd, of their various statements, may be useful : —
 * The discrepancies among the ancient writers