Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/219

 LOG I. without opposition to the Siwirtan Eurylochu.s, who inarched through their territory from Delphi to Naupactus. (Thuc. iii. 95, seq.) They belonged at H later period to the Aetolian League. (Polyb. xviii. 30.) The chief and only important town of the Ozolae was Ami'iiissa, situated on the borders of Pliocis. The other towns, in the direction of W. to E., were: MoLYCREiA; Naupactus; Oeneon; Anticiruiia or Anticyka ; EuPALiuM ; Krythrae ; Tolo- I'HON; Hessus; Oeantiieia or Oeanthe; Ipnus; CiiALAEUM; more inland, Aechtium; I'otidania; Crocyleium ; Teiciiium; Olpae ; Messapia ; Hyle; TritaeA; Myonia. On the geography of the Locrian tribes, see Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. jip. 66, seq., 170, seq., 587, .seq. IA)(M or LUGI (Arfyoi or AoZyoi), a people in North liritain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. § 12) as a population to the south of the Mcrtae, and west of the Cornabii. This gives the part about the Dornoch, Cromarty, and Murray Firths. [K. G. L.] LOGIA, a river in Ireland, mentioned by Ptolemy as between the Vinderius and the Khobogdian pro- montory. Probably [see Vinoeriu.s] the Lcif/an, falling into Belfast Lough, name for name, and place for place. [H. G. L.J LONCIUM {Lienz), a place in the south of Noricum, on the right bank of the river Dravus, at the point where it receives the Isel. (^Itin. Ant. ]). 279.) The whole district about Lienz abounds in Koman antiquities. (Gruter, Lnscrlpt. p. 207. 9; Muchar, Noricum, p. 254.) [L. S.] LONDI'NIUM (AovSiVior, Ptol. ii. .3. § 27; Aiv- ^('tviov, Stepli. B. s. v.; Londinium, Tac. Ann. xiv. .■53; Oiipidum Londinicnse, Eunien. Paneg. Const. 17; Lundinium, Amm. Marc. xx. 1), the capital of Koman Kritain. Ptolemy (/. c.) places Londinium in the district of the Cantii; but the correctne.ss of this position has very naturally been questioned. Modern discoveries have, however, decided that the southern limits of the city, in the time of Hadrian and Anto- ninus Pius, extended a considerable distance into the territory of the Cantii ; and Ptolemy, therefore, was not altogether unwarranted in placing Londinium in this division of Britain. In earlier times the city was confined to the northern bank of the Thames. The earliest mention of it is by Tacitus, in his well-known account of the insurrection of the Britons in the reign of Nero. As Britain was only fully subjugated by Claudius, Londinium must have ra- pidly advanced to the importance it assumes in the narrative of this historian. Although it is not men- tioned by Julius Cae,saror by other early writers, the peculiar natural advantages of the hjcality point it out as one of the chief places of resort of the mer- chants and traders who visited Britain from the Gaulish ports and from other parts of the continent. At the comparatively early period in the Roman domination referred to, Londinium is spoken of as a place of established mercantile reputation. The three chief cities of Britain at this period were Verulamium, Camulodununi, and Londinium. At Caumlodunum a colony of veterans had been esta- blished ; Verulamium had received the rights and privileges of a municipium;Londinium, without such distinctions, had attained by home and foreign trade that pre-eminence which ever marked her as the me- tropolis of Britain: — " Londinium .... cognomento quidein coloniae non insigne,sed copia negotiatorum et cornmeatuum maxinie celebre." (Tac. Ann. xiv. 33.) LONDINIUM. 203 At this period we must infer that Londinium was without external walls; and this absence of mural defences appears to have been common also to Veru- lamium and to Camulodunum. The Britons passed by the fortified places and attacked at once the rich and populous cities inadequately defended. Camulodunum was the first to fall ; Londinium and Veridamium speedily followed in a similar cata.strophe. The Itinerary of Antoninus, which is probably not later than the time of Severus, affords direct evidence of the chief position which Londinium held among the towns and cities of Britain. It occurs in no less than seven of the itinera, and in six of these it stands either as the place of departure or .as the terminus of the routes; no other town is introduced so conspicuously. The next historical mention of Londinium occurs in the jianegyric of Eumenius addressed to Con- stantius Caesar (c. 17), in which it is termed " oppi- dum Londinicnse." After the defeat of Alleetus, the victorious Romans marched directly on Londinium, which was being plundered by the Franks and other foreign mercenaries, who made up the greater part of the usurper's forces. Annnianus Marcellinus, who wrote at a later period, states that, in his time, Londinium was called Augusta, an honourable appellation not unfre(|uently conferred on cities of distinction. In this writer wo find the word written as it is pronounced at the present day: — " Egressus, tendensque ad Lundinium vetu.s oppidum, quod Augustam posteritas appellavit " (xxvii. 8, comp. xxviii. 3). In the Notitia Digni- tatuni we find mention of a " Praepositus Tliesau- rornm Angustensium in Britanniis ; " and in the Chorography of Pavenna the complete form, Londi- nium Augusta, is given. ]Ionnmental remains show that Londinium con- tained buildings commensurate in grandeur and ex- tent with its historical claims. The foundations of the wall which bordered the river, vv-hen laid open a few years since, was almost wholly composed of materials used in buildings which were anterior to the period when the wall was built ; but it was impossible to decide the dates of either. The stones of which this wall was con.structed were portions of columns, friezes, cornices, and also foundation stones. From their magnitude, character, and number, they gave an important and interesting insight into the obscure hi.story of Koman London, in showing the architectual changes that had taken place in it. Similar discoveries have been made in various parts of the modern city which more fully developed the debris of an ancient city of importance : other architectural fragments have been found ; walls of vast strength and thickness have been noticed; and within the last twenty yeans, at least thirty tessel- lated p.aveinents have been laid open, of which some were of a very fine kind. (Archaeologia, vols, xxvii. xxviii. et seq.) Londinium, unenclosed at first, was subsequently in early times walled; but it occupied only part of the site it eventually co- vered {Archaculogia, vol. xxix.). The line of the wall of Koman London is well known, and can still, in parts, be traced. Where it h:is been excavated to the foundation, it appears based upon a bed of clay and flints; the wall itself, composed of rubble and hard mortar, is faced with .small squared stones and bonding tiles; its thickness is about 12 feet; its original height was proi)al)ly between 20 and 30 feet ; it wa.s flanked with towers, and had a