Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/191

 LIBORA. that falls into SUgo Bay ? Killala Bay ? Blach Sod Bay ? Clew Bay? For the elements of uncertainty see Vennicnii, Ehobogdii, and Ibeknia. [R. G. L.] LIBORA. [Aebuka.] LIBRIA or LIRIA, a river of Gallia Narbonensis, which I'liiiy (iii. 4) mentions after the Arauris (^Ilerault), and his descrijjtion proceeds from west to east. It is said (Harduin's Fliny) that all the MSS. have the reading " Libria." Harduin takes the Li- hria to be the Lez, but this is the Ledus. [Ledus.] It has been conjectured that the Libria is the Livron, thouirh this river is west of the Arauris. [G. L.] LIBUI. [LiBici.] LIBUM (ArSoi'), a town in Bithynia, distant ac- cordins to the Itin. Anton. 23, and according; to the Itin. Ilier. 20 miles N. of Nicaena. (Liban. Vit. suae. p. 24.) [L.S.] LIBUNCAE. ["Gallaecia, p. 934, b.] LIBURNI (AtSvpvoi, Scyl. p. 7; Strab. vi. p. 269, vii. p. 317 ; Appian, III. 12 ; Steph. B.; Schol. ad Nicand. 607 : Pomp. Mela, ii. 3. § 12; Plin. iii. 25; Flor. ii. 5), a people who occupied the N. part of Illyricum, or the district called Libuunia (Ai§upfis X'^P^j Scyl. p. 7; AiSovpvla, Ptol. ii. 16. § 8,viii. 7. § 7; Plin.iii. 6, 23,26; P««. Ta6.;0relli, Inscr. n. 664). The Liburnians were an ancient people, who, together with the Siculians, had occu- jiied the opposite coast of Picenum; they had a city tiiere, Truentum, which had continued in existence amid all the changes of the population (Plin. iii. 18). Niebuhr (^Ilist. of Rome, vol. i. p. 50, trans.) has conjectured that they were a Pelasgian race. How- ever this may be, it is certain that at the time when Ihe historical accounts of these coasts begin they were very extensively diffused. Corcyra, before the Greeks took possession of it, was peopled by them. (Strab. vi. p. 269.) So was Issa and the neighbour- ing islands. (Schol. ad Apollon. iv. 564.) They were also considerably extended to the N., for Noricum, it is evident, had been previously in- habited by Liburnian tribes; for the Vindelicians were Liburnians (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. i. 243), and Strabu (iv. p. 206) makes a distinction between them and the Breuni and Genauni, whom he calls lilyrians. The words of Virgil (?. c), too, seem distinctly to term the Veneti Liburnians, for the '• innermost realm of the Liburnians " must have been the goal at which Antenor is said to have arrived. Driven out from the countries between Pannonia and the Veneti by the Gallic invasion, they were compressed within the district from the Titius to the Arsia, which assumed the title of Liburnia. A wild and piratical race (Liv. x. 2), they used pri- ateers ("lenibi," ''naves Liburnicae") with one very large lateen sail, which, adopted by the Romans ill their struggle with Carthage (Eutrop. ii. 22) and in the Second JIacedonian War (Liv. xlii. 48), sup- planted gradually the high-bulwarked galleys which liad formerly been in use. (Caes. B. C. iii. 5; Hor. JJpod. i. 1.) Liburnia was afterwards incorporated with the provinceof Dalmatia,andlADERA,its capital, was made a Roman colony. In a. d. 634 Heraclius invited the Chorvates or Chrobati, who lived on the N. side of the Carpathians, in what is now S. Poland or Gallicia, to occupy the province as vassals of the Empire (Const. Porph. de Adm. Imp. c, 31). This connection with the Byzantine Court, and their oc- cupation of countries which bad embraced Chris- tianity in the Apostolic age (Titus was in Dalmatia in the time of St. Paul, //. Ep. Tim. iv. 1 0), na- LIBYA. 175 turally led to the conversion of these Slavonian strangers as early as the 7th century. (Comp. Schafarik, Slav. Alt. vol. ii. pp. 277 — 309; Neige- baur, Die Sud-Slaven, pp. 224 — 244.) Strabo (vi. p. 315) extends the coast-line of Liburnia as far as 1500 stadia; their chief cities were Iadeka and the " conventus" or congress of Scaedona, at which the inhabitants of fourteen towns assembled (Plin. iii. 25). Besides these, Pliny (I. c.) etmnierates the following: — Alvona, Flanona, Tarsatica, Senia, Lop- sica, Ortopula, Vegium, Argyruntum, Corinium, Aenona, and Civitas Pa>ini. [E. B. J.] LIBU'RNICAE I'NSULAE. [Illyricum.] LIBURNUM or LIBURNI PORTUS, a seaport on the coast of Etruria, a little to the S. of the Por- tus Pisanus, near the mouth of the Arnus, now called Livorno. The ancient authorities for the exi.stence of a port on the site of this now celebrat&l seaport are discussed under Portus Pisanus. [E. H. B.] LIBURNUS JIONS, a mountain in Apulia, men- tioned only by Polybius, in his description of Han- nibal's march into that country, B.C. 217 (Pol. iii. 100), from which it appears to have been the name of a part of the Apennines on the frontiers fif Samnium and Apulia, not far from Luceria ; but it cannot be more precisely identified. [E. H. B.] Ll'BYA (J} AiguTj), was the general appellation given by the more ancient cosmographers and liis- torians to that portion of the old continent which lay between Aegypt, Aethiopia, and the shores of the Atlantic, and which was bounded to the N. by the Mediterranean sea, and to the S. by the river Ocea- nus. With the increase of geographical knowledge, the latter mythical boundary gave place to the equa- torial line : but the actual form and dimensions of Africa were not ascertained until the close of the 15th century a.d. ; when, in the year 1497, the Por- tuguese doubled the Cajie of Good Hope, and verified the assertion of Herodotus (iv. 42), that Libya, ex- cept at the isthmus of Sitez, was surrounded by water. From the Libya of the ancients we must substract such portions as have already been described, or will hereafter be mentioned, in the articles entitled Aegyptus, Aethiopia, Africa, Atlas, Barca, Carthage, Cttrene, Marmarica, Mai;retania, the Oases, Syrtes, &c. Including these districts, indeed, the boundaries of Libya are the same with those of modern Africa as fiir as the equator. The limits, however, of Libya Interior, as opposed to the Aegyptian, Aethiopian, Phoenician, Grecian, and Roman kingdoms and commonwealths, were much narrower and less distinct. The Nile and the Atlantic Ocean bounded it respectively on the east and west ; but to the north and south its frontiers were less accurately traced. Some geogra- phers, as Ptolemy, conceived that the south of Libya joined the east of Asia, and that the In- dian Ocean was a vast salt lake : others, like Agatharchides, and the Alexandrian writers gene- rally, maintained that it stretched to the equator, and they gave to the unknown regions southward of that line the general title of Agisymba. We shall be assisted in forming a just conception of Libya Interior by tracing the progress of ancient discovery in those regions. Progress of Discovery.^- The Libya of Homer (Od. iv. 87, xiv. 295) and Hesiod {T/ieog. 739; comp. Strab. i. p. 29) comprised all that poi-tion of the African continent which lay west of Lower and Middle Aegypt. They knew it by report only, had no conception of its form or extent, and gave its iu-