Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/167

 LEA. Byzantine -OT-iters ; the first time that they appear ill history was a. d. 456, during the reign of the emperor Marcian, who was successful against their king Gobazes. (Prise. Exc. de Leg. Bom. p. 71; comp. Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. vi. p. 385.) The Lazic war, the contest of Justinian and Chosroes on the banks of the Phasis, has been minutely described by contemporary historians. (Procop. B. P. ii. 15, 17, 28, 29, 30, B. G. iv. 7—16, Agath. ii. iii. iv. pp. 55 — 132, 141 ; Menand. Protect. Exc. de Leg. Gent, pp.99, 101, 133—147; comp. Gibbon, c.xlii.; Le Beau, vol. ix. pp. 44, 133,209—220,312—353.) In the Atlas (pt. i. pi. xiv.) to Dubois de Mont- pereux (^Voyage Autour du Cmicase, comp. vol. ii. pp. 73—132) will be found a map of the theatre of this war. In a. d. 520, or 512 according to the era of Theophanes, the Lazi were converted to Christianity (Gibbon, I. c. ; Neander, Gesch. der Christl. Religion, vol. iii. p. 236), and, under the name of Lazians, are now spread through the country near the SE. angle of the Euxine from Guriel to the neighbourhood of Trelizond. Their language, belong- ing to the Indo-Germanic family, appears to contain remains of the ancient Colchian idiom. (Cosmos, vol. ii. note 201, trans.; Prichard, Physical Hist, of Mankind, vol. iv. p. 263.) [E. B. J.] LEA, an island in the Aegaean sea, mentioned only by Pliny (iv. 12. s. 23) in conjunction with Ascania and Anaphe. LEANDIS (Aeavdis), a town in the eastern part of the strategy of Cataonia, in Armenia Elinor, 18 miles to the south of Cocusus, in a pass of Mount Taurus, on the road to Anazarbus. (Ptol. v. 7. § 7.) This town is perhaps the same as the La- randa of the Antonine Itinerary (p. 211) and of Hierocles (p. 675), which must not be confounded with the Laranda of Lycaonia or Isauria. [L. S.] LEANI'TAE. [Leanites Sinus.] LEANITES SINUS (AewtTTjs /cJAttos), a bay on the western side of the Persian Gulf, so named from the Arab tribe Leanitae (Aeawrai, Ptol. vi. 7. § 18). They are placed north of Gerrah, between the Thenii and the Abucaei. Pliny states that the name was variously wiitten : " Sinus intimus, in quo Laeanitae qui nomen ei dedere ; regio eorum Agra, et in sinu Laeana, ve], at alii Aaelana ; nam et ipsum sinum nostri Aelaniticum scripsere, alii Aeleniticum, Artemidorus Alaniticum, Juba Laeniticuin" (vi.28). Agra, which Pliny represents as the capital, is doubt- less the ■' Adari civitas" ('ASapoi/ irdAis) of Ptolemy, in the country of the Leanitae. Mr. Forster regards the name as an abbreviated foi-m of " Sinus Khau- lanites" or Bay of Khaidan, in which he discovers an idiomatic modification of the name Haulanites, the Arabic form for Havileans, — identical with the Beni Khnled, — tlie inhabitants of the Aval or Havilah of Scripture [HAaLAH]. {^Geography of Arabia, vol. i. pp. 48, 52, 53, vol. ii. p. 215.) The gulf apparently extended from the Itamus Portus (^Kedetna) on the north, to the Chersonesi extrema {Ras-el-Char) on the south. [G. W.] LEBADE. [SiPYLus.] LEBADEIA (Ae§a5€(a, Herod., Strab., et alii; AegoSia, Plut. Lys. 28: Eth. Ae^aSeus: Livadhia), a town near the western frontier of Boeotia, described by Strabo (ix. p. 414) as lying between Mt. Helicon and Chaeroneia. It was situated at the foot of a precipitous height, which is an abrupt northerly termination of Mt. Helicon. Pausanias relates (ix. 39. § 1) that this height was originally occupied by the Homeric city of IVIideia (MiSaa, II. ii. 507), LEBADEIA. 151 from whence the inhabitants, under the conduct of Lebadus, an Athenian, migrated into the plain, and founded there the city named after him. On the other hand, Strabo maintains (ix. p. 413) that the Homeric cities Ame and Mideia were both swallowed up by the lake Copais. Lebadeia was originally an insignificant place, but it rose into importance in consequence of its possessing the celebrated oracle of Trophonius. The oracle was consulted both by Croesus (Herod, i. 46) and by Mardonius (Herod, viii. 134), and it continued to be consulted even in the time of Plutarch, when all the other oracles in Boeotia had become dumb. (Plut. de Def. Orac. 5.) Pausanias himself consulted the oracle, and he speaks of the town in terms which show that it was in his time the most flourishing place in Boeotia. But notwithstanding the sanctity of the oracle, Le- badeia did not always escape the ravages of war. It was taken and plundered both by Lysander and by Archelaus, the general of Mithridates. (Plut. Lys. 28, Sull. 16.) In the war against Perseus, it espoused the side of the Eomans, while Thebes, Haliartus, and Coroneia declared in favour of the Macedonian king. (Polyb. xxvii. 1.) It continues to exist under the slightly altered name of Livadhia, and during the Turkish supremacy it gave its name to the whole province. It is still a considerable toll^■n, though it suffered greatly in the war of inde- pendence against the Turks. The modern town is situated on two opposite hills, rising on each bank of a small stream, called Her- cyna by Pausanias, but the greater part of the houses are on the western slope, on the summit of which is a ruined castle. Pausanias says that the Hercjnia rose in a cavern, from two fountains, close to one another, one called the fountain of Oblivion and the other the fountain of Memory, of which the persons who were going to consult the oracle were obliged to drink. The Hercyna is in reality a con- tinuation of an occasional torrent from Mount Heli- con ; but at the southern extremity of the town, on the eastern side of the castle-hill, there are some copious sources, which were evidently the reputed fountains of the Hercyna. They issue from either side of the Hercyna, those on the right bank being the most copious, flowing from under the rocks in many large streams, and forming the main body of the river; and those on the left bank being insignificant, and flowing, in the time of Dodwell, through ten small spouts, of which there are still remains. The fountains on the right bank are warm, and are called Chilid (ji XiAid), and sometimes ra •yv<pa vipa, or the water unfit for drinking ; while the fountains on the left bank are cold and clear, and are named Krya (r) Kpva, i. e. ^ Kpva ^pvais, the cold source, in opposition to the warm, Chilid). Neither of these two sets of fountains rise out of a cave, and so far do not correspond to the description of Pausanias; but there is a cavern close to each; and in the course of ages, since the destruction of the sacred buildings of Trophonius, the caverns may easily have been choked up, and the springs have emerged in different spots. The question, however, arises, which of the caverns contained the reputed sources of the Hercyna ? The answer to this must depend upon the position we assign to the sacred grove of Trophonius, in which the source of the Hercyna was situated. Leake places the sacred grove on the right or eastern bank ; but Ulrichs on the left, or western bank. The latter appears more probable, on account of the passage in Pausanias, otdpyei Se t, 4