Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/1272

 1248 TYRALLTS. mentioned in history: and there is no other reason for assumin<j the two phices to be identical. (Cluver. Sicil. p. 388; Ilolsten. Xut. ad Steph. H. s. v. ; Wessehnjr, ad Diod. I. c.) [E. H. B.j TYIiALLIS (TufiaAAis), a place in Cappadocia, on the south-west of Cabassus, on the river Cvdnus. (I'tdl. V. 7. § 7.) [L. S.] TVnAMnAH (Tupa.ugai, Ptol. v. 9. § 17), a people of Ahiatic Saniiatia, wiio.se chitf city was Tyrambe {TupdfxSt], ib. § 4, &c.; Strab. xi. p. 494), in the neighbourhood of the river llhoinbites Mi- nor. [T. H. D.] TYRANGl'TAE (TvparyflTai, Tvpayytrai, or rvpeydrat, Strab. vii. p. 289, &c.; Ptol. iii. 5. § 2.5), literally, the Getae of the Tyras, an immigrant tribe of European Sarniatia dwellini; E. of the river Tyras, near the Harpii and Tagri, and, according to I'toleniy, the nonhern neigiibours of Lower Moesia. riiny (v. 12. s. 26) calls them, with more correct orthography, Tyragetae, and represents them as dwclhng on a large island in the Tyras. [T. U. D.] TYltANNOBOAS (TupauvuSdas), an emporiuiu on the western coast of Bengal between JIan(iai;ara and Byzantium, noticed by the author of the Peri- plus (p. 30.) It cannot now be identified with any place. [v.] TYIi'AS ((5 Tupas, Strab. ii. p. 107), one of the principal rivers of European Sannatia. According to Herodotus (iv. 51) it rose in a large lake, whilst Ptolemy (iii. ,5. § 17, 8. § l,&c.) places its sources in Mount Carpates, and Strabo(/. c) says that they are unknown. The account of Herodotus, however, is correct, as it rises in a lake in Gallicia. (Georgii, Alte-Geufjr. p. 269.) It ran in an easterly direc- tion parallel with the I.ster, and formed part of the h(iutidary between Dacia and Sannatia. It fell into the I'untus Eu.sinus to the NE. of the mouth of the Ister; the distance between iheni being, according to Strabo, 900 stadia (Strab. vii. p. .30.5, seq.), and, according to Pliny (iv. 12. s. 26), 130 miles (from the Pseudostoina). Scyminis (/V. .51) describes it as of easy navigation, and abounding in fish. Ovid (ex Pont. iv. 10. 50) s]«aks of its rapid course. At a later period it obtained the name of Danastris or Danastus (Annn. Marc, x.xxi. 3. § 3; Jornand. Get. 5; Const. Porphyr. de Adm. Imp. 8), whence its modern name of Dniester (^.Xeister). though the Turks still call it Tiirul. (Of. Herod, iv. 1 1, 47, 82 ; Scylax, p. 29; S;rab. i. p. 14; Mela, ii. I,&c.; also Seliaffarik, Slav. Altertli. i. p. 505.) Tiie form Tvpis is sometimes found. (Steph. B. p. 671; iSuid. s. V. 'S.Kvdai and Yloafibo.'inos.') [T. 11. ]).] TYKAS (Ti^as, Ptol. iii. 10. § 16), a town of European Sarmatia, situated at the mouth of the river just described, (llerod. iv. 51; Mela, ii. 1.) It was originally a Milesian colony (Scymn. Fr. 5.5; Anon. Peripl. P. Eux. p. 9); although Annnianus ^larcellinus (xxii. 8. § 41), ajiparently from the similarity of the name, which he writes " Tyros," ascribes its foundation to the Phoenicians from Tyre. Pliny (iv. 12. s. 26; cf Steph. B. p. 671) identihes it with an older town named Ophiusa ('' geliiiis jiol- lens Uphiusa vcnenis," 'al. Place, vi. 84). Ptolemy, liowever (/.c), makes them two ditlerent towns; and places Ophiu.sa somewhat more N., and towards the interior. Scylax knows only Oi)liinsa, whilst the later writers, on the other hand, knew only Tyras. (Cf. Neumann, Die Jlelleneii im Shjthcnlande, p. 357, seq.) It jirobably lay on the site of the present Ackeiinann. (Clarke, Travel), ii. p. 124; Kohl, Peisen ill Siidi-iissland, i. 167.) [T. H. D.] TYPUS. TYRIAEUM (Tvpia7ov : £th. Tyrienses), a town of Lycaonia, which according to Xenophon (A7iab. i. 2. § 24) was 20 parasangs we.st of Iconium, and according to Strabo (xiv. p. 663) on the eastern frontier of Phrygia, and probably on the road from Synnada to Laodiceia, and between the latter and Philomelium. Near this town Cyrus the Younger reviewed his forces when he marched against his brother. (Comp. Plin. v. 25 ; Hierocl. p. 672 ; and Cone. Chalced. p. 401, where the name is written Tvpaiov.') It i.s possible that Tyriaeum may be the same town as the Tot.irion or Tetradion of Ptolemy (v. 4. § 10), the Tyrasion in the Cone. Chaleed. (p. 669), and the Tyganion of Anna Coinnena (xv. 7, 13). Its site seems to be marked by the modern lUjun or Ilr/hun. (Hamilton, Researche.i, ii. p. 200 ; Kiepert in Franz, Fiinf hmchri/ten, p. 36.) [L. S.] TYRICTACA (Tu/jiKra/crj or TccpnaKi}, Ptol. iii. 6. § 4), a town in the Chersonesus Taurica. (Cf. Anon. Peripl. P. Eux. p. 4., where it is written TupitTToffr;.) Dubois de Montperreux identifies it with some ruins found on lake Thurbacli. ( Voy. autour du CauccLie, v. p. 247.) [T. II. D.] TYPISSA (Tvptcrcra, Ptol. iii. 13. § 39 : Pth. Tyrissaeus, Plin. iv. 10. s. 17), a town of Ematliia in Jlacedonia, placed by Ptolemy next to Eu- rojius. TYPI'TAE (Tvplrai, Herod, iv. 51), certain Greeks settled at the mouth of the Tyras, proba!)ly Milesians who built the tow.n of that name. [T. II. 1). J TYPIillE'NIA, TYHKllE'NI. [Etuukia.] TYKKHE'NUil JIAKE (jh Tvi>l>wM6v neKa- 70s), was the name given in ancient times to the Ijart oF the Mediterranean sea which adjoins the W. coast of Italy. It is evident from the name itself that it was originally em|)loyed by the Greeks, who universally called the people of Etruria Tyrrhenians, and was merely adopted from them by the Romans. The latter people indeed frequently used the term TijscuM JlAHii (Liv. V. 33; Jlel. ii. 4. § 9), but still more often designated the sea on the W. of Italy simply as " the lower sea," M.ui£ Infkuu.m, just as they termed the Adriatic '• the upper sea " or Mauu Sui'KUUM. (Mel. ii. 4. § 1 ; Plin. iii. 5. s. 10; Liv. I. c.) The name of Tyrrhenum Marc was indeed in all probability never in use among the Romans, otherwise than as a mere geogra])hical term ; but with the Greeks it was certainly the habitual designation of that portion of the Medi- terranean which extended from the coast of Liguria to the N. coa.st of Sicily, and from the mainland of Italy to the islands of Sardinia and Corsica on the W. (Polyb. i. 10, 14, &c.; Strab. ii. p. 122, v. p. 2n,c'vc. ; Dionys. ]'er. 83; Scyl. §§ 15, 17; Agathem. ii. 14.) The period at which it came into use is uncertain ; it is not found in Herodotus or Thucydides, and Scylax is the earliest author now extant bv whom the name is mentioned. [E. H. B.] TYRRHIXE. [Ogykis.] TYRSUS. [TjiYusus.] TYRUS (Tupos, Herod, ii. 44, &c. : Eth. Tvpios, Tyrius), the most celebrated and important city of Phoenicia. By the Israelites it was called Tsor (Josh. xix. 29, &c.), which means a rock but by the Tyrians themselves Sor or Sur (The- udoret. in Ezek. xxvi.), which appellation it still re- tains. For the initial letter t was substituted by the Greeks, and from them adopted by the Romans; but the latter also used the form Sara or Sarra, said to be derived from the Phoenician name of the purple fish ; whence also the adjective Sarra-