Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/1241

 TORNADOTUS. speaks of the Topeic/caSai as a people in European Sarmatia, who are perhaps the same as the Toretae or Toreatae. TORNADOTUS, a small river of Assyria, men- tioned by I'liny (vi. 27. s. 31), and a tributary of the Tiirris. It is probably the same stream as that noticed by Xenophon under the name of the I'hyscus. (Aimb. ii. 4. § 25.) It may be the modern Torna or Odorneh. JIannert (vi. 2. p. 317) takes it to be the same as the Adiabas of Ammiaims (xxiii. 6); but the Adiabas is more likely to be that elsewhere called the Zabatus (now Zdb). TV.] TORXATES, an Aquitanian people, whose name is preserved in Pliny (iv. 19). There is no indi- ration of their position, unless it be the name Tour- nai, a small town on the Arros, a branch of the Adoiir, and in the diocese of Tarbes, which, under the name of Turba, was the chief place of the Bitrerriones. [Bigeeriones.] [G. L.] TORONAICUS SINUS. [Torone.] TORO'NE {Topiifi]: Eth. Topwvaios), a town of Chalcidice in Macedonia, situated ujion the SW. coast of the peninsula of Sithonia. It was said to have derived its name from Torone, a d:iuc;hter of I'roeteus or Poseidon and Phoenice. (Steph. B. .s'. V. Tupdivi).) It was a Greek colony, founded by the Chalcidians of Euboea, and appears to have been originally the chief settlement of the Chalcidians in the^e parts. Hence the gulf lying between the pen- insulas of Sithonia and Torone was generally called the Toronaean, now the Gulf of Kassandhra. (Tupoiva'tKhi kSAttos, Steph. B. s. v. Topiivri; Ptol. lii. 13. § 13; TopuviKhs koXttos, Strab. vii. p. 330; ■^lymn. Ch. 640; Toronaicuni mare, Liv. xliv. 11; loronaeus sinus, Tac. Ami. v. 10.) Like the other Greek cities in these parts, Torone furnished ships and men to the army of Xerxes in his invasion of Greece. (Herod, vii. 122.) After the Persian War Torone came under the dominion of Athens. In B.C. 424 a party in the town opened the gates to Brasidas, but it was retaken by Cleon two years afterwards. (Thuc. iv. 110, seq., V. 2.) At a later time it ^eems to have been subject to Olynthus, since it was lecovered by the Athenian general Timotheus. (Diodor. XV. 81.) It was annexed by Philip, along with the other Chalcidian cities, to the JIacedonian empire. (Diodor. xvi. 53.) In the war against Perseus, B.C. 169, it was attacked by a Roman tli'ct, but without succes.s. (Liv. xliv. 12.) Theo- jilirastus related that the Egyptian bean grew in a marsh near Torone («p. At/ien. iii. p. 72, d.); and Archestratus mentions a particular kind of fish, for which Torone was celebrated (^ap. Allien, vii. p. 310, c). The harbour of Torone was called Cophos (Koi^os), or " deaf," because being separated from the sea by two narrow passages, the noise of thu vaves was never heard there : hence the proverb KOKporepus Tov Topcovaiov Kifjievos. (Strab. vii. p. •'i.'lO; Mela, ii. 3; Zenob. Prov. Graec. cent. iv. pr. OS.) This port is apparently the same as the one I ailed by Thucydides (v. 2) the harbour of the Co- I'ljihonians, which he describes as only a little way fruiii the city of the Toronaeans. Leake conjectures that we ought perhaps to read Kaxpciv instead of KoKo<pciii/iup. It is still called Kvfo, and Torone likewise retains its ancient name. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 119, 155, 455.) TORYNE (Topwjj, Vxi.Ant. 62; 'iopuv-q, Ptol. iii. 14. § 5), a town of Thesprotia in Epeirus, olf which the fleet of Augustus was moored a tliort time before the battle of Actium, seems from the VOL. H. TRACHIS. 1217 order of the names in Ptolemy to have stood in one of the bays between the mouth of the river Tbyaniis and Sybota, probably at I'urga. (Leake, Kwlhevn Greece, vol. i. p. 103, vol. iii. [j. 8.) TOTTAEUM, a place in Bithynia of uncertain site {It. Ant. p. 141 ; It. Hierus. p. 573, where it is called Tutaium ; Concil. Chalced. p. 98); but some look for its site near Geiveh, and others near Kara- kaia. [L. S] TOXANDRL These inhabitants of North Gallia are first mentioned by Pliny (iv. 17) in a passage which has been interpreted several ways. Pliny's Belgica is hmited on the north by the Scaklis (Schelde). [Gallia Trans., Vol. I. p. 960.] Pliny says : " A Scaldi incolunt extera Toxandri jiluribus nominibus. Delude Menapii,lIorini." D'Auvilleand others explain '" extera" to signify beyond the limits of the Schelde, that is, north and cast of this boundary; and Cluver places the Toxandri in the islands of Zeeland. D'Anville supposes that they took a part of their territory from the Mcnapii, and that this newly acquired country was the Cumpen north of Brabant and the bishopric of Liiye. This con- jecture is suppo.sed to be confirmed by the passage of Ammianus Marcellinus (xvii. 8), in which he says that Julian marched against the Franci named Salii, who had dared to fix themselves on Roman ground " apud Toxiandriam locum." The geogra- phers who are best acquainted with the Netherlands fix Toxiandri locus at Tesseiider Lo, a small ])lace in the Campen to the north of Brabant. L'kert {Gallien, p. 372) gives a different meaning to the word " extera." He remarks that Pliny, describing the north coast of Europe (iv. 14), says : '" Toto autem hoc mari ad Scaldim usque fiuvium Ger- manicae accolunt gentes," and he then enumerates the peoples as far as the Scaldis. Afterwards (c. 17) he adds ''a Scaldi incolunt," &c. ; and a few lines further, a word " introrsus " is opposed to this " extera"; from which Ukert concludes that " extera " here means the coast country, a meaning which it has in two other passages of Pliny (ii. 67, iv. 13). After describing the nations which occupy the '• extera," or coast, Pliny mentions the peoples in the interior, and in the third place the Germanic peoples on the Rhine. Accordingly L'kert concludes that we nuist look for the Toxandri in the neigh- bourhood of Ghent and Brurjcs. [G. L.j TRACANA {TpcLKam, Ptol. iii. 5. § 27), an inknd city of European Sarmatia. [T. H. !>.] TRACHIS or TRACHIN (Tpaxi't, Herod., Thuc, et alii; Tpax'V, Strab.: Eth. Tpaxivios). 1. A city of Jlalis, in the district called after it Trucliinia. It stood in a ]ilain at the foot of Jlu Oeta, u little to the N. or rather W. of Thermojiylae, and derived its name from the rocks which surrounded the plain. It commanded the approach to Thermopylae from Thessaly, and was, from ilsposilion, of great military importance. (Herod, vii. 176; Strab. ix. p. 428; Steph. B. s. V.) The entrance to the Tnidiini.iii plain was only lialf a plethrum in breadth, but the surface of the }il<iin was 22,000 jilethra, iicconliiig to Herodotus. The same writer stales that the city Trachis was 5 stadia from the river Melas, uiui that the river A.sopus issued from a gnrge in the innun- tains, to the S. of Trachis. (IUtihI. vii. IDS.) According to Thucydides, 'I'nichis w:ts 40 stadia from Thermopylae and 20 from the sea (lluic. iii. 92.) Trachiu is mentioned in Homer as one of the cities subject to Achilles (//. ii. 682), and is celebrated in the legends of Hercules as the scene of 4 1