Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/1239

 TOLKRimr. tioneJ only by Ovid and Orosius, in reference to a great battle foui;iit on its banks durinfj the Social War, between the lioinan consul Rutilius and the Marsi, in which the Romans were defeated with great slausrhter and Rutilius himself slain. (Ovid, FaU. vi. 565; Oros. v. 18.) [E. H. B.] TOLE'RIUM {ToXipiuv, Steph. B.: Eth.ToKiplvos, Toleriensis : Valmontone ?), an ancient town of Latium, the name of which occurs in the early Roman history, but which appears to have ceased to exist at an early period. Its name is found in the list given by Dionysius of the thirty Latin cities ■whicii formed the league in u. c. 493 (Dionys. v. 61, according to the Vatican JI8.; Niebuhr, vol. ii. note 21); and it is again mentioned among the places taken by Coriolanus at the head of the Volscian army in B.C. 486 (Dionys. viii. 17; Plut. Coriol. 28). According to the narrative given by Dionysius, and by Plutarch who copies him, it was the first place attacked by Coriolanus in that cam- paign, and its reduction was followed in succession by that of Bola, Labicum, Pedum and Corbio. It is singular that no mention of Tolerinm occurs in the narrative of the same operations by Livy (ii. 39), and it seems probable that tiie name of Trebiam, which is found in that author (for which the best MSS. give Trebium), is a corruption for Tolerium, a name otherwise little known and therefore liable to alteration by copyists. (Cluver. Ital. p. 969 ; llormann, A It - Latinische Chorogruphie, p. 203.) The only other notice of Tolerium is found in Pliny, who enumerates the " Tolerienses" among tiie ''po- jmli" of Latium who had formerly shared iu the sacrifices on the Alban Jlount, but were in his time utterly extinct (iii. 5. s. 9). We have no account of the period of its destruction or final decay. The only clue to its position is that derived from the narratives above referred to, and it seems very doubt- ful how far we are justified in drawing strict topo- graphical inferences from such relations. It may, however, be admitted as probable that Tolerium was situated in the same neighbourhood with Bola, Labicum, and Pedum; and the conjecture of Nibby, who would place it at Valmontone, derives at least some support from the circumstance that the latter town stands just at the source of the river Sacco, called in ancient times the Trerus or Tolerus [Trerus]. The name of Valmontone, is of modern origin, but it in all probability occupies an ancient fcite: some vestiges of its ancient walls are still visible, as well as some remains of Roman date, ■while the scarped sides of the rocks which surround it, and renderthe position one of great natural sti-ength, abound in ancient sepulchres. Cell, however, regards it as the site of Vitellia rather tlian Tolerium, a conjecture which has also much to reconnnend it. [ViTEi.Li.v.] Valmontone is 5 miles S. ui Palestrina and about 3 miles beyond Lncjiiano, on the iinc of the modern Via Latina, and 26 from Rome. (Xibby, Dintorni, vol. iii. pp. 370, 377; Cell, Top. of Rome, p. 436; Abeken, Mittel-Italien, p. 76.) [E. II. B.j TOLE'TUM (TaSAT/Toi/, Ptol. ii. 6. § 57: Eth. Toletani, Plin. iii. 3. s. 4; Orelli, Inscr. no. 980), the capital of the Carpetani, in Hispania Tar- raconensis, situated on the Tagus, and on the road from Pvinerita to Caesaraugusia, and connected also by another road with Laminium. {Itin.Ant. pp. 438, 446.) It was a very strong town, though only of moderate size, and famed for its manufacture of arms and steel-ware. (Liv. xxxv. 7, 22, xxsix, 30; Grat. Cijneg. 341; cf. Wiiiano, Diccion. viii. p. TOLOSA. 1215 453.) According to an old Spanish tradition, To- ledo was founded in the year 540 u. c. by Jewish colonists, who named it Tokduch, that is, " mother of jieople," whence we might perhaps infer a Pliw- nician settlement. (Cf. Miiiano, I. c; Puente, Tra- vels, i. p. 27.) It is still called Toledo, and con- tains several remains of Roman antiquities, and especially the ruins of a circus. (Cf. Florex, Esp. Sagr. v. p. 22; Puente, i. p. 165, seq.) [T. H. D.J TOLIAPIS (ToAiOTTis, Ptol. ii. 3. § 33), a small island on the E. coast of Albion, opposite to the country of the Trinobantes. Sheppy seems the only island with which it is at all pos.sible to identify it; yet it lies fartiier S. than the account of Ptolemy appears to indicate. [T. H. D.] TOLISTOBCGII, TOLlSTOBOGI, or TOLIS- TOBOIL [Galatia.] TOLLENTl'NUM. [Tolestinum.] TOLOBIS, a coast town of the Ileic.aones, in Hispania Tarraconensis. (Melii, ii. 6.) [T. II. D.] TO'LOPHOX (ToKorpwv. Eth. ToXo(pwvios), a. town of the Locri Ozolae, possessing a large harbour according to Dicaearchus (66; comp. Thuc. iii. 101 ; Steph. B. s. v.). According to Leake it occupied the valley of Kiseli. (^Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 620.) TOLO'S.^ or TIIOLO'SA (JoXjicraa, ToXucra, T6oaa,D'mn Cas.s. xxxviii. c. 32: ^/A. Tolosates, Tolosenses, Tolosani), in Gallia, is Touloitse, in the department of Ilaute-Garonne, on the right bank of the Garonne, The identity of Tolo.sa and Toulouse is easily proved from the Itineraries and other evidence, la Caesar's time Tolosa was within the Roman Provincia. (£. G. i. 10.) When Cae.sar is speaking of the inten- tion of the Helvetii to migrate into the country of the Santones, he remarks that the Santones are not far from the territory of the Tolosates, who are in the Provincia. Uo considered that it would be d:iii- gerous to the Provincia if the warlike Helvetii, the enemies of Rome, should be so near to an open country, which produced a great deal of grain. The Commentators have found some difficulty in Caesar's expression about the proximity of the San- tones and the Tolosates, for the Nitiobriges and Petrocorii were between the Santones and the Tolo- sates; but Caesar only means to say that the Hel- vetii in the country of the Santones would be dan- gerous neighbours to the Provincia. In Caesar's time Tolosa and Carcaso, both in the basin of tho Garonne, were fully organised as a part of the Provincia ; for when P. Crassus invaded Aquitania, he summoned soldiers from the nmstcr-rolls of theso towns to join his army. (/}. G. iii. 20.) Tolosa being situated on the neck of land where Gallia is narrowest [Gai.lia Tuansammna, 'o1. I. p. 949] and in a position easy of access from the we.st, north, and ea.st, was one of the places threatened by the Galli in the great rising of it. c. 52; but Caesjir with his usual vigilance protected the province on this side by placing a force at Tolo.sa. (//. 6'. vii. 7.) Tolosa was an old town of tho Volcae Toctosagcs which existed probably many centuries before it was ronciueieil by the Romans. A great quantity of gold and silver was collected there, the cold the produce of the auriferous region near the l'yrenep,>i, and both the precious metals the oflVrings of Gallic. sufHTstition. The treasure was kept in chambi-rs iu the temples, and also in sacred tanks. This i.s the btory of Posidonius (Strab. iv. p. 188), who iiad