Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/1234

 1210 TILURUS. TILURUS, a river of Dalmatia fulllnc; into the sea DBcir Dalminiuiii. {^Itin. Ant. p. 337; Tab. Peut.^ Now the Czettina. [T. H. D.] TIMACHUS, a river in Upper Moesia, a tributary of the Danube, wiiich it joined between Dorticuni and Florentiana. (Plin. iii. 26. s. 29 : Tab. Peul.) Now the Timok. [T. H. D.] TLMACUM MAJUS and JIINUS (TiVKor, Ptoh iii. 9. § 5), two towns of RIoesia Superior si- tuated on the Timachus. (Geogr. Rav. iv. 7; Tab. Pent.) One still exists by the name of Timok; but llannert seeks the larger town near Iperik, and the smaller one near Geurgoicatz. [T. H. D.] TIMALINUM, a place in Gallaecia in Hispania Tarraconensis {Ilin. Ant. pp. 425, 430). Variously identified with Villarteliii-dwd Funtarieira. [T. H.D.] TIMA'VUS (Tljxavos: Timao), a river of Venetia, flowing into the Adriatic sea between Aquileia and Tergeste, about 12 miles E. of the former city. Notwithstanding its classical celebrity, it is one of the shortest of livers, being formed by copious sources which burst out from the rock at the foot of a lofty cliff, and immediately constitute a broad and deep river, which has a course of little more than a juile before it discharges itself into the sea. There can be no doubt that these sources are the outlets of some subterranean stream, and that the account of Posidonius {ap. Strab. v. p. 215), who says that the river after a course of some length falls into a chasm, and is carried under ground about 130 stadia before it issues out again and falls into the sea, is substantially correct. Such subterranean passages are indeed not uncommon in Carniola, and it is impossible to determine from what particular river or lake the waters of the Timavus derive their origin ; but the popular notion still regards them as the outflow of a stream which sinks into the earth near S. Canzian, about 13 miles from the place of their reappearance. (Cluver. Jtal. p. 193.) The number of the sources is variously stated : Virgil, in the well-known passage in which he describes them (Aen. i. 245), reckons them nine in number, and this agrees with the statement of Jlela; while Strabo speaks of seven ; and this would appear from Servius to have been the common belief (Sei-v.ac/ Aen. I. c. ; Mel. ii. 4. § 3), which is supported also by Mar- tial, while Claudian follows Virgil (Mart. iv. 25. 6; Claudian, de VI. Cons. Hon. 198). Cluverius, on the other hand, could find but six, and some modern travellers make them only four. Strabo adds that, according to Polybius, all but one of them were salt, a circumstance which would imply some connection ■with the sea, and, according to Cluverius, who described them from personal observation, this was distinctly the case in his time ; for though at low ■water the stream issued tranquilly from its rocky sources, and flowed with a still and placid current to the sea, yet at high tides the waters were swollen, so as to rush forth with much greater force and volume, and inundate the neighbouring meadows: and at such times, he adds, the waters of all the Koui'ces but one become perceptibly brackish, doubt- less from some subterranean communication with the sea. (Cluver. Hal. p. 194.) It appears from this account that Virgil's remarkable expressions — " Unde per ora novem, vasto cum murmure mentis It mare proruptum, et pelago premit arva sonanti" — are not mere rhetorical exaggerations, but have a foundaticn in fact. It was doubtless from a refer- ence to the same circumstance that, according to TIXGIS. Polybius {ap. Strab. I. c), the stream was called by the natives " the source and mother of the sea" (lUrjTf'pa Trjs SaAaTTTjs.) It is probable that the communication with the sea has been choked up, as no modern traveller alludes to the phenomenon described by Cluverius. The Timao is at present a very still and tranquil stream, but not less than 50 yards broad close to its source, and deep enough to be navigable for vessels of considerable size. Hence it is justly called by Virgil " niagnus Timavus" {Ed. viii. 6); and Ausonius speaks of the " aequoreus amnis Timavi " {Clar. Urb. xiv. 34). Livy spejiks of the '• lacum Timavi," by which he evidently means nothing more than the basin formed by the waters near their source (Liv. xli. 1): it was close to this that the Roman consul A. Manlius established his camp, while C. Furius with 1 ships appears to have ascended the river to the same point, whore their combined camp was attacked and plundered by the Istrians. According to Strabo there was a temple in honour of Dionied erected near the sources of the Timavus, with a sacred grove attached to it. (Strab. v. p. 214). There were also warm springs in the same neigh- bourhood, which are now known as the Bagni di S. Giovanni. [E. H. B] TDIOLAEUM (Ti^oAaToi'), a fort or castle on the coast of Paphlagonia, 40 or 60 stadia to the north of Climax, and 100 or 150 stadia from Cape Carambis. (Marcian, p. 71; Anon. Peripl. P. E. p. 6.) [L. S.] TIMONI'TIS (Ti^oii'Ttis), a district in the in- terior of Paphlagonia, near the borders of Bithvnia. (Strab. xii. p. 562; Ptoh v. 1. § 12.) Pliny (v. 42) mentions its inhabitants under the name of Ti- moniacenses, and Stephanus B. knows Timonium (yifjLiiiviov) as a fort in Paphlagonia, from which the district no doubt derived its name. [L. S.] TIXA {Tiva or Tivva, Ptol. ii. 3. § 5), a river on the E. coast of Britannia Romana, forming the boun- dary between it and Britannia Barbara, and still called the Tyne. [T. H. D.] TINCONCIUM, in Gallia, is placed in the Itins. ^ on a road between Avaricum (^Bourges) and Decetia flp (^Decise). In the Table the name is Tincollo. The distance in tlse Itins. is the same (xx.) from Ava- ricum to Tinconcium {Sancoins), which is named Tincentium in some middle-age documents. The Itins. do not agree in the distance between Tincon- cium and Decetia. [G. L.] TINFADI, a place in Numidia, 22 miles W. of Theveste (^Itin. Ant. p. 33). According to Lapie, the rains on the Oued Hrhia. [T. H. D.] TINGEXTERA. [Tij. sducta.] TIXGIS (T1771S, Strab. iii. p. 140, and Tlya, xvii. p. 827; in Ptol. iv. 1. § 5, Tiyyis Kaicrapeia), a very ancient city on the N. coast of Mauretania. Mela'(i. 5) calls it Tinge, Pliny (v. 1. s. 1) Tingi. It lay 00 miles W. of the promontory of Abyla (/<m. Ant. p. 9, &c) and 30 miles from Belo on the oppol^ite coast of Spiiin (Plin. I. c). Mela and Pliny record the tradition of its foundation by Antaeus, whilst according to Plutarch it was founded by Sophax, a son of Hercules and the widow of Antaeus (5er<. 9). In that neighbourhood was the fabled grave of Antaeus, and his skeleton 60 cubits long "(Strab. xvii. 829, cf. iii. p. 422). The.'-e mythic legends serve at least to indicate the great antiquity of the place. (Cf. Strab. I. c. ; Solin. c. 45.) It was raised by Augustus to the rank of a free city