Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/1221

 TIBERIAS MARE. tetrarcli HiTodes Antipas, in honour of the Roman einpemr Tiberius, from whom it derived its name. (Joseph. I. c.) It is stated to have been 30 stadia from Hippo, 60 from Gudara, and 120 from Scytho- polis (Joseph. Vit. G5) ; distances which are not much at variance with that of JoHS'e, who states that it is 20 miles Englisli from Nazareth and 90 from Jerusalem. (^Travels, p. 40.) From the time of Herodes Antipas to that of the reign of Agrippa II., Tiberias was probably the capital of the province (Joseph. Vit. 9), and it was one of the four cities which Nero added to the kingdom of Agrippa. (Joseph. Ant. xx. 8. § 4.) In the last Jewish War, Tiberias, from its great strength, played an important part (Joseph. B. J. ii. 20); as, after Sepphoris, it was held to be the largest place in Galilaea (Joseph, Vit. 65), and was very strongly fortified. {B. J. iii. 10. § 1.) The inhabitants derived their sustenance in great mea- sure from their fisheries in the adjoining sea. (Joseph. Vit. 12.) On the destruction of Jeru- salem, and for several centuries subsequently, Tiberias was famous for its academy of learned Jews. (Lightfoot, Uor. Eebr. p. 140.) In the immediate neighbourhood of Tiberias were the celebrated hot springs of Eumiaus (Joseph. jB. J. ii. 21, A7it. xviii. 2.) [Emmaus.] It is not certain whether Tiberias occupied the site of Chiu- nereth, though Hieronymus thinks so (^Onom. s. v. ChinnerdJi) ; it seems more likely that this place belonged to the tribe of Naphthali. (Josh. xis. 35 ; Reland, Palaest. p. 1 61.) Nor is there any better reason for identifying it, as some have done, with Chammath (Joseph, xix. 35) or Rakkah, which was the Rabbinical notion. (Cf. Hieron. Megil. fol. 701 ; Lightfoot, Clwrognvph. Cent. cap. 72 — 74.) The modern name of Tiberias is Tabarieh : it is not, however, built actually on the site of the old town, though close to its ruins. When Joliffe was there, it had a population of 11,000 {Travels, pp. 48 — 58.) It was nearly destroyed by an earthquake on New Year's Day, 1837, since which time it has never been completely rebuilt. (Russegger, iii. p. 132; Strauss, p. 356; Robinson, iii. p. 500.) [V.] TIBE'RIAS JIARE {Ai/j-v-n Tigepias, Pausan. v. 7. § 4; Ptol. V. 16. § 4; ifji.vq tj 'ViS^pimv, Joseph. B. J. iv. 26), the principal lake or sea of Palestine in the province of Galilaea. It was bordered on the W. side by the tribes of Issachar and Zabulon, and on the E. by the half-tribe of Manasseh. The waters were fresh (Joseph. B. J. iii. 35) and full of fish (Joseph. B. J. iv. 26 ; Matth. iv. 18 ; Luke, v. 1, &c.), and its size is variously stated, by Josephus {I. c), to have been 140 stadia long by 40 broad, and by Pliny, to have been 16 M. P. long and 6 1I. P. broad (v. 15). It was traversed in a direction NW. and SE. by the river Jordan. [JoiiDANES; Palaestina.] This sea is known by many different names in the Bible and jjrofane history. Its earliest title would seem to have been Chinnereth {Numb, xsxiv. 1 1 ; Josh. xiii. 27 ; LX.. Xevvep4d.) From this form has probably arisen its second appellation of Gennesareth (^ Kiixvi) Viv- veaaper, Matlk. xiv. 34, &c.; vS(i>p rivv-qaap, 1 Maccah. ii. 67; v Kifxvr) Tfi'i'Tjo'ap, Jusepli. B. .J. 7] Ki/j-vii revveaaplrts, Joseph. /I «<. xviii. 3; Strab. xvi. p. 755; Genasara, Plin. v. 15.) A third appellation it has derived from the province with which it was most nearly connected, viz. the sea of Galilee {^aKatraa rijs VaAiAaias, Matth. iv. 18; 3Iark, vii. 31, &c. ; and with a double title, Stdkaaaa TIBKRIS. 1197 rrjs VaXiXaias, t^j TigepiaSos, John vi. 1). Pliny, in describing the same localities, speaks of a town called Tarichaea, from whence also he says the adjoining lake was sometimes named (I. c; cf. also Strab. xvi. p. 764). The pre.sent name is Bahr-al-Tabarieh. (Pococke, ii. p. 103; Thevenot p. 387; Haselquist, i. p. 181; Robinson, iii. pp. 499 —509, &c.) [V.l TIBERIO'POLIS (TigepiotlTroAis), a town in Phrygia Major, in the neighbourhood of Eumenia. (Ptol. v. 2. § 25; Socrat. Hist. Ecdes. vii. 46.) Its site is yet uncertain, but Kiepert (in Franz, Fiinf Inschriften, p. 33) is disposed to regard the extensive ruins near Suleiman as the remnants of Tiberiopolis. Hamilton {Reseaixhes, i. p. 127, toll.), probably more correctly, regards them as the ruins of Blaundos. (Comp. Arundell, Discoveries, i. p. 81, foil.) [L. S.] Tl'BERIS (oTlSepis: Tevere, Tiber : tlie forms Tibris, Tybris, and Thybris are chiefly poetical, as is @iifj.gpis also in Greek: the Latin poets use also Tiberinus as an adjective form, as Tiberinus pater, Tiberinum flumen, &c., and thence sometimes Ti- berinus by itself as the name of the river), one of the most important rivers of Central Italy. It has its sources in the Apennines above Tifernum, but in the territory of Arretium (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9), on the confines of Etruria and Umbria, and flows at first in a southerly direction, passing by the walls of Tifer- num, which derived from it the name of Tiberiiuim {Citta di Ca-stello), and afterwards within a few miles of Perusia on the E., and within a still shorter distance to the W. of Tuder {Todi). From thence it still pre- serves a general S. direction, notwithstanding consi- derable windings, till it receives the waters of the Anio (Tcverone), a few miles from the walls of Rome, from which point it has a general SV. course to the sea at Ostia. Pliny estimates the upper part of its course at 150 miles, to which must be added about 35 more for the lower part, giving as a total 185 miles (Plin. I. c ; Strab. v. p. 218); but this es- timate is below the truth, the whole course of the river being about 180 geogr. or 225 Roman miles. During the whole of its course from Tifernum to the sea the Tiber formed in ancient times the eastern boundary of Etruria, separating that country from Umbria in the ujipcr part of its course, afterwards from the territory of the Sabines, and, in the lower part, from the mouth of the Anio downwards, divid- ing it from Latiuni. (Strab. v. p. 219; Plin. I.e.) It receives numerous confluents or tributaries, of which the most important are, the Tinia, an incon- siderable stream which joins it from the E. a little below Perusia, bringing with it the waters of tiio more celebrated Clitumnus ; the Clam.s, wiiich falls into it from the right bank, descending from the marshy tract near Clusium ; the Nah, a nuich more considerable stream, which is joined by tho Velinu.s a few ndles above Interamnu, and dis- charges their combined waters into the Tiber, a few miles above Ocriculum ; and the Anio, wiiich falls into the Tiber at Anlemnae, 3 miles above Rome. These are the only allluents of the Tiber of any goo- graphical importance, but among its minor tributa- ries, the Alma on its lel't bank, a few miles iibovo the Anio, and the CitEMEiiA on the right, arc names of historical celebrity, though very trilling streams, the identification of which is by no means certain. [Sec the respective articles.] Two other streams of less note, which descend from the land of the Sjibines and fall into the Tiber between Ocriculum and Ere-