Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume II.djvu/1059

 STURA. STURA (Stura'), a river of Northern Italy, one of the eonHuents of the Tadus (Plin. iii. 1 6. s. 20), which joins that river a few miles below Turin (Aususta Taurinorum), within a few miles of the Duria Minor or J)ora Riparia. It still retains its ancient name and is a considerable stream, rising in the glaciers of the Alps, between the Roche Melon and Mont Iseran. [E. H. B.] STURA {^Tovpa), a small place in Pattalene, near the mouths of the Indus, mentioned by Arrian {Ind. c. 4). [v.] STURIUM INSULA. [Phila]. STU'RNIUM {'S.Tovpvor. Eth. Sturninus: Ster- luiccio), a town of Calabria, mentioned both by Pliny and Ptolemy among the municipal towns of that region. (Plin. iii. 11. s. 16; Ptol. iii. 1. § 77.) Its name is not otherwise known, but it is supposed to be represented by the modern village of Ster- naccio, about 10 miles S. of Lecce (Lupiae) and a short distance NE. of Soleto (Soletum). (Cluver. Jial. p. 1231; Romanelli, vol. ii. p. 114.) There exist c.)ins with the inscription 2TT, and types resembling those of the Tarentines, which are as- cribe<l to Sturniuni. [E. H. B.] Sl'YLLA'NGIUM CZTuWdyyiov, Polyb. iv. 77, 80; '^TvWdyiov, Steph. B. s. v.: Eth. 'SrvWdyios, ^TuWayavs), a town of Triphylia in Elis of un- certain site, which surrendered to Philip in the Social War. SlY'MBARA (2TiV§apa, Strab. vii. p. 327; 'S.TvSip^a. Polyb. x.xviii. 8. § 8 ; Stubera, Liv. xxsi. 39, xliii. 20, 22), a town on the frontier of regal JIacedonia, which is by some assigned to Deuriopus, and by others to Pelagonia, which in the campaign of B. c. 400 was the third encampment of the consul Sulpicius; it must be looked for in the basin of the Eri^'on. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 306.) [E. B. J.] STYAIPHA'LIS, a district annexed by the Ro- mans, along with Atintania and Elimiotis, to Mace- donia upon the conquest of this kingdom, a.d. 108. (Liv. xlv. 30.) From the mention of this district along with Atintania and Elimiotis, which were portions of Epeirus upon the borders of Tliessaly, it would appear that Stymphalis is only another form of the more common name Tymphalis or Tym- phaea ; though it is true, as Cramer has observed, that Diodorus has mentioned Stymphalia (Diod. xx. 28). and Callimachus sjieuks of the Stymphalian oxi-n in that territory (Hymn, in Diun. 179). Ptolemy (iii. 13. § 43) likewise mentions a town Gyrtona in Stymphalia, but in this passage other MSS. read Tymphalia. (Cramer, Ancient Greece, vol. i. p. 198.) STYMPHA'LUS (2TU;o.(/)aA.os,2Tu^(^7jAos, Pans. et alii; Ti> 'S.rvfj.cpTiKov, Schdl. ad Rind. 01. vi. 129; Styniplialnm, Plin. iv. 6. s. 10; Stymphala, Lucret. V. 31 : Eth. 2,TvfX(pdios, Stu^c^tjAioj), the name of a town, district, mountain, and river in the KE. of Arcadia. The territory of Stymphalus is a plain, about six miles in length, bounded by Achaia on the N., Sicyonia and Pniiasia on the E., the territory of Mantiiieia on the S., and that of Orchomenus and Pheneus on the W. This plain is shut in on all sides by mountains. On tlie N. rises the gigantic mass of Cyilene, from which a projecting spur, called Mt. Stymphalus, descends into the plain. (:S,Tvij.(paoi upoi, Ptol. iii. 16. § 14; Hesych. s. i>.; nivalis Stymphalus, Stat. Sile. iv. 6. 100.) The mountain at the soutiiern end of the plain, opposite Cyliene, was called Apelaurum (to 'hirtkavpov, STYMPHALUS. 1030 Polyb. iv. 69) *, and at its foot is the kata- vothra or subterraneous outlet of the lake of Slyin- phalus (J) 'S,Tvix(pah XlufV, Strab. viii. p. 371; ?; STv/j.(pr]Air) Mfxi'ri, Herod, vi. 76). This lake is formed partly by the rain-water descending from Cyliene and Apelaunim, and partly by three streams which flow into it from ditl'erent parts of the plain. From the west descends a small stream, which rises in Mount Geronteium in the neighliourhood of Kastania : and from the east comes another stream, which rises near Dusa. But the most important of the three streams is the one which rises on the northern side of the plain, from a copious kefalovrysi. In summer it tlows about two miles through the plain into the kata- vdthra of Apelaurum; but in winter it bicnmes almost immediately a part of the waters of the l;ike, though its course may be traced through the shal- lower water to the katavothra. This stream was called Stymphalus by the ancients; it was regarded by them as the principal source of the lake, and was universally believed to make its reappearance, after a subterranean course of 200 stadia, as the river Erasinus in Argolis. (Herod, vi. 76; Faus. ii. 3. § 5, ii. 24. § 6, viii. 22. § 3; Strab. viii. p. 371; Ahgos, Vol. I. p. 201, a.) The Stymphalii wor- shipped the Erasinus and Metope (MeTWTTT), Aelian, V, H. ii. 33), whence it has been concluded that Jletope is only another name of the river Stym- phalus. Metope is also mentioned by Callimachus {JJijmn. in Jov. 26), with the epithet pebbly (tto- AuVreios), which, as Leake observes, seems not very appropriate to a stream issuing in a body from the earth, and flowing through a marsh. (^Peloponnesiaca, p. 384.) The water, which formed the source of the Stymphalus, was conducted to Corinth by the emperor Hadrian, by means of an aqueduct, of which considerable remains may still be traced. The state- ment of Pausanias, that in summer there is no lake, is not correct, though it is confined at that time to a small circuit round the katavothra. As there is no outlet fcr the waters of the lake except the katavothra, a stoppage of this subterraneous channel by stones, sand, or any other substance occasions an inundatiun. In the time of Pautanias there occurred such an inundation, which was ascribed to the anger of Artemis. The water was said to have covered the plain to the extent of 400 stadia; but this number is evidently corrupt, and we ought probably to read Ticraapdicoura instcid of nTpaKoaiovs. (Pans. viii. 22. § 8.) Strabo relates that Iphicrates, when be- sieging Stymphalus without success, attempted to obstruct the katavothra, but was diverted from his purpose by a sign from heaven (viii. p. 389). Strabo also states that originally there was no suIj- terraneous outlet for the waters of the lake, so that the city of the Stymphalii, which was in his time 50 stadia from the lake, was originally situated upon its margin. But this is clearly an error, even if liis statement refers to old Stymi)halus, for the breadth of the whole lake is less than 20 stadia. The city derived its name from Stymphalus, a son of Elatus and grandson of Areas ; but the ancient city, in which Temcnu.'^, the son of Pelasgus, dwelt, had entirely disappeared in the time of Pausanias, is mentioned by Livy as the place where the Achae- ans under Kicostratus gained a victory over the Macedonians under Androbtheiics, b. c. 197. (Liv. ssxiii. 14.)
 * There was also a small town, Apelaurus, which